Methods for acute and long-term treatment of drug addiction

ABSTRACT

This invention is directed to a method of treating opioid or opioid-like drug addiction, including acute and post-acute withdrawal symptoms, comprising treating an addicted patient with noribogaine at a dosage that provides an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL (AUC/24 h) under conditions where the QT interval prolongation does not exceed about 50 milliseconds.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to a method of treating addiction to an opioid or opioid-like drug, including acute and post-acute withdrawal symptoms, comprising treating an opioid-addicted patient with noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof at a dosage that provides a therapeutic serum concentration. In one embodiment, the average serum concentration is 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL (AUC/24 h), including under conditions where the QT interval prolongation does not exceed about 50 milliseconds, and preferably about 30 milliseconds.

STATE OF THE ART

Substance addiction is a serious public health problem throughout the world. Heroin and other opioids, including prescription painkillers, are widely abused and account for a large percentage of illicit drug use. Opioid use is also linked to approximately 50% of violent crimes in the United States and costs the U.S. economy billions of dollars per year.

Acute withdrawal from drug dependence is characterized by dramatic and traumatic symptoms, including sweating, racing heart, palpitations, muscle tension, tightness in the chest, difficulty breathing, tremor, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, grand mal seizures, heart attacks, strokes, hallucinations and delirium tremens (DTs). Once acute withdrawal symptoms have subsided, post-acute withdrawal syndrome can last for months or years. Post-acute withdrawal symptoms include fatigue, depression, lack of motivation, and increased pain sensitivity.

Numerous treatments have been developed in attempts to ameliorate acute and post-acute withdrawal symptoms. However, in most cases, treatment of withdrawal requires use of other addictive substances (e.g., morphine, buprenorphine or methadone). Treatment also requires that the addict attend a clinic daily for an extended amount of time. Due to the severity and duration of withdrawal symptoms, opioid-addicted patients have a high rate of relapse. There is a significant need for effective, non-addictive treatment for acute and post-acute opioid withdrawal symptoms.

While the prior art suggests that ibogaine at higher doses is useful as a treatment for addiction, use of ibogaine is associated with hallucinations and other negative side effects. In the United States, ibogaine is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance.

Noribogaine is a metabolite of ibogaine found in human, dog, rat and monkey. Noribogaine compounds have been suggested to have a greater and longer lasting activity in humans than ibogaine for reducing craving for addictive substances and treating chemical dependency. U.S. Pat. No. 6,348,456, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, discloses highly purified noribogaine and teaches that it should be provided at dosages from about 0.01 to about 100 mg per kg body weight per day to treat addiction, although no human data was provided showing an effective dose to treat opioid or opioid-like drug addiction.

The therapeutic dosing of noribogaine for treating opioid or opioid-like drug addiction in humans has not previously been addressed, especially as it relates to dosing protocols that are effective, as well as safe. Indeed, prior to the instant invention, it was uncertain as to whether noribogaine could be administered at a dose which was therapeutic while at the same time safe for patients.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

While noribogaine has been disclosed for treatment of substance addiction, its use in humans is complicated by the fact that the ranges in the prior art are exceptionally broad (0.01 to 1000 mg/kg body weight). Furthermore, human clinical studies demonstrate that the lower dosing of noribogaine has minimal impact on withdrawal symptoms in addicted patients. Thus, the previously disclosed broad range has now been found to be insufficient for human therapy at the lower end of this range.

Moreover, the use of noribogaine imparts a dose dependent prolongation of the treated patient's QT interval, rendering higher dosing of noribogaine unacceptable. A prolonged QT interval is a marker of potential ventricular tachyarrhythmia which, and can result in death.

The current invention is predicated on the surprising discovery that treatment with a narrow dosage range of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, between 1 mg/kg body weight and 4 mg/kg body weight, provides a therapeutic reduction in withdrawal symptoms and/or an increase in time to resumption of opioid use in opioid-addicted patients. Preferably, the dose range that provide both therapeutic results and an acceptable QT interval prolongation of less than 50 milliseconds in opioid and opioid-like drug addicted humans is between 1.3 mg per kg body weight and no more than 4 mg per kg body weight and, more preferably between 1.3 mg per kg body weight and no more than 3 mg per kg body weight, or any subrange or subvalue within the aforementioned ranges. Opioid-like drugs, including cocaine, ketamine, and methamphetamine, are not opioids but act through the opioid receptors, and thus addiction to these drugs also can be treated with noribogaine.

In some embodiments, the unit dose that provides both therapeutic results and an acceptable QT interval prolongation of less than 50 milliseconds in opioid and opioid-like drug addicted humans is about 120 mg. In some embodiments, the unit dose that provides both therapeutic results and an acceptable QT interval prolongation of less than 50 milliseconds in opioid and opioid-like drug addicted humans is 2 mg/kg body weight.

In some embodiments, the patient is administered an initial dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, followed by one or more additional doses. In one embodiment, the initial dose is from 75 mg to 120 mg. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses are lower than the initial dose. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses are from 5 mg to 50 mg. In one embodiment, such a dosing regimen provides an average serum concentration of noribogaine of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses maintain an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL over a period of time. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses are administered periodically.

In a preferred embodiment, the narrow therapeutic doses of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate described above unexpectedly do not prolong the QT interval to unacceptable levels in human addicted patients. It is expected that opioid or opioid-like drug addicted patients will be administered therapeutic doses of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof in a clinical setting with cardiac monitoring. In some embodiments, the patient will be pre-screened to evaluate tolerance for prolongation of QT interval, e.g., to determine whether the patient has any pre-existing cardiac conditions which would disqualify them from treatment with noribogaine.

Some aspects of the current invention are further predicated on the discovery that even lower doses of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, for example approximately 80% or less of the therapeutic dose, may be effective for prevention of relapse of opioid (or opioid-like drug) use in an opioid-addicted patient treated to ameliorate their opioid use. That is, a lower dose of noribogaine can prevent a patient who is no longer physically addicted to opioid from relapsing to opioid use. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that a patient who is no longer physically addicted to opioids or opioid-like drug requires less noribogaine to prevent relapse because the opioid or opioid-like drug does not compete with noribogaine for receptor binding, and/or because desensitization of one or more receptors in the brain by the opioid or opioid-like drug is reversed when the patient ceases to take the drug. This lower, maintenance dose of noribogaine results in a QT interval prolongation that does not require clinical cardiac monitoring.

In some embodiments, the maintenance dose of noribogaine is 5 mg to 100 mg. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose of noribogaine is about 1.5 mg/kg body weight. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose of noribogaine is about 1 mg/kg body weight. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose of noribogaine is about 0.9 mg/kg body weight. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose of noribogaine is about 0.8 mg/kg body weight. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose of noribogaine is about 0.7 mg/kg body weight. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose of noribogaine is about 0.6 mg/kg body weight. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose of noribogaine is about 0.5 mg/kg body weight. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose of noribogaine is about 0.4 mg/kg body weight. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose of noribogaine is about 0.3 mg/kg body weight. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose of noribogaine is about 0.2 mg/kg body weight. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose of noribogaine is about 0.1 mg/kg body weight.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof administered to the patient is sufficient to provide an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL (area under the curve/24 hours, AUC/24 h), or any subrange or subvalue there between. In a preferred embodiment, the dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof administered to the patient provides an average serum concentration of 80 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL (AUC/24 h).

In some embodiments, the patient is administered a high (therapeutic) dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for a period of time to ameliorate the most significant withdraw symptoms, and then is administered a lower (maintenance) dose to prevent relapse to opioid or opioid-like drug use. In some embodiments, the patient is administered a therapeutic dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for a period of time to ameliorate the most significant withdrawal symptoms, and then is administered a decreasing (tapered) amount of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof over time until the maintenance dose is reached. In some embodiments, a high initial therapeutic dose is administered, followed by administration of a lower therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the dose of noribogaine is tapered over time from the high therapeutic dose to a lower therapeutic dose.

In some embodiments, the dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof that provides an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL (AUC/24 h) is administered as a single dose. In some embodiments, the dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof that provides an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL (AUC/24 h) is administered as multiple doses. In an embodiment, the aggregate dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is from 1 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg. In another preferred embodiment, the aggregate dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is from 1 mg/kg to 2.5 mg/kg.

In some embodiments, the serum concentration is sufficient to inhibit or ameliorate said abuse while maintaining a QT interval of less than 500 milliseconds (ms) during said treatment. In some embodiments, the therapeutic dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof provides prolongation of the QT interval of less than 80 ms. In an embodiment, the maintenance dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof provides prolongation of the QT interval of less than 50 ms. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose or therapeutic dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof provides prolongation of the QT interval of less than 30 ms. In a preferred embodiment, the maintenance dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof provides prolongation of the QT interval of less than 20 ms. In one embodiment, the QT prolongation is equivalent to or less than that observed in patients receiving methadone treatment. In a preferred embodiment, the patient is tested to determine QT interval before treatment with noribogaine, and if clinician determines that the QT prolongation would be unacceptable risk, noribogaine therapy will be contraindicated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 represents mean noribogaine concentration-time profiles in healthy patients after single oral dosing with 3, 10, 30 or 60 mg doses. Inset: Individual concentration-time profiles from 0-12 h after a 10 mg dose.

FIG. 2 represents mean plasma noribogaine glucuronide concentration-time profiles in healthy patients after single oral 30 or 60 mg doses.

FIG. 3 illustrates the mean noribogaine concentration-time profile in opioid-addicted patients after a single oral 60 mg (diamonds) or 120 mg (squares) dose of noribogaine. Mean noribogaine concentration-time profile in opioid-addicted patients after single oral 180 mg dose of noribogaine (triangles) was estimated based on values for patients receiving 120 mg dose.

FIG. 4A illustrates hours to resumption of opioid substitution treatment in patients given no treatment (light gray bar), or a single oral dose of noribogaine or placebo (60 mg, dark gray bar; 120 mg, black bar). Error bars represent standard deviation.

FIG. 4B illustrates the estimated serum noribogaine concentration in ng/mL at time of resumption of opioid substitution treatment (OST) in patients receiving single oral dose of noribogaine or placebo (60 mg, dark gray diamonds; 120 mg, black squares). Data is estimated based on the concentration-time profile in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5A illustrates imputed results of noribogaine treated patients wherein the results represent hours to resumption of OST in patients given no treatment (light gray bar), or a (imputed) single 120 mg dose of noribogaine (black bar). Error bars represent standard deviation.

FIG. 5B illustrates imputed results of noribogaine treated patients wherein the results represent the estimated serum noribogaine concentration in ng/mL at time of resumption of OST in patients receiving a (imputed) single oral 120 mg dose of noribogaine (black squares). Data is estimated based on the concentration-time profile in FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 illustrates imputed results of noribogaine treated patients wherein the results represent hours to resumption of OST in patients receiving a (imputed) single oral 60 mg, 120 mg or 180 mg dose of noribogaine, or no treatment. Dotted line represents average OST for placebo.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of this invention will be limited only by the appended claims.

The detailed description of the invention is divided into various sections only for the reader's convenience and disclosure found in any section may be combined with that in another section. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a compound” includes a plurality of compounds.

I. DEFINITIONS

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. As used herein the following terms have the following meanings.

The term “about” when used before a numerical designation, e.g., temperature, time, amount, concentration, and such other, including a range, indicates approximations which may vary by (+) or (−) 20%, 10%, 5% or 1%. Preferably, the term “about” when used with regard to a dose amount means that the dose may vary by +/−20%. For example, “about 2 mg/kg noribogaine” indicates that a patient may be administered a dose of noribogaine between 1.6 mg/kg and 2.4 mg/kg. In another example, about 120 mg per unit dose of noribogaine indicates that the unit dose may range from 96 mg to 144 mg.

“Administration” refers to introducing an agent into a patient. Typically, an effective amount is administered, which amount can be determined by the treating physician or the like. Any route of administration, such as oral, topical, subcutaneous, peritoneal, intra-arterial, inhalation, vaginal, rectal, nasal, introduction into the cerebrospinal fluid, or instillation into body compartments can be used. The agent may be administered by direct blood stream delivery, e.g. sublingual, intranasal, or intrapulmonary administration.

The related terms and phrases “administering” and “administration of”, when used in connection with a compound or pharmaceutical composition (and grammatical equivalents) refer both to direct administration, which may be administration to a patient by a medical professional or by self-administration by the patient, and/or to indirect administration, which may be the act of prescribing a drug. For example, a physician who instructs a patient to self-administer a drug and/or provides a patient with a prescription for a drug is administering the drug to the patient.

“Periodic administration” or “periodically administering” refers to multiple treatments that occur on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis. Periodic administration may also refer to administration of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof one, two, three, or more times per day. Administration may be via transdermal patch, gum, lozenge, sublingual tablet, intranasal, intrapulmonary, oral administration, or other administration.

“Comprising” or “comprises” is intended to mean that the compositions and methods include the recited elements, but not excluding others. “Consisting essentially of” when used to define compositions and methods, shall mean excluding other elements of any essential significance to the combination for the stated purpose. Thus, a composition consisting essentially of the elements as defined herein would not exclude other materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention. “Consisting of” shall mean excluding more than trace elements of other ingredients and substantial method steps. Embodiments defined by each of these transition terms are within the scope of this invention.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to monovalent saturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and more preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms. This term includes, by way of example, linear and branched hydrocarbyl groups such as methyl (CH₃—), ethyl (CH₃CH₂—), n-propyl (CH₃CH₂CH₂—), isopropyl ((CH₃)₂CH—), n-butyl (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂—), isobutyl ((CH₃)₂CHCH₂—), sec-butyl ((CH₃)(CH₃CH₂)CH—), t-butyl ((CH₃)₃C—), n-pentyl (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—), and neopentyl ((CH₃)₃CCH₂—). The term “C_(x) alkyl” refers to an alkyl group having x carbon atoms, wherein x is an integer, for example, C₃ refers to an alkyl group having 3 carbon atoms.

“Alkenyl” refers to straight or branched hydrocarbyl groups having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms and having at least 1 and preferably from 1 to 2 sites of vinyl (>C═C<) unsaturation. Such groups are exemplified, for example, by vinyl, allyl, and but-3-en-1-yl. Included within this term are the cis and trans isomers or mixtures of these isomers.

“Alkynyl” refers to straight or branched monovalent hydrocarbyl groups having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and preferably 2 to 3 carbon atoms and having at least 1 and preferably from 1 to 2 sites of acetylenic (—C≡C—) unsaturation. Examples of such alkynyl groups include acetylenyl (—C≡CH), and propargyl (—CH₂C≡CH).

“Substituted alkyl” refers to an alkyl group having from 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3, or more preferably 1 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, aminothiocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminothiocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonyloxy, aminosulfonylamino, amidino, aryl, substituted aryl, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carboxyl, carboxyl ester, (carboxyl ester)amino, (carboxyl ester)oxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, substituted cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkylthio, substituted cycloalkylthio, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyloxy, substituted cycloalkenyloxy, cycloalkenylthio, substituted cycloalkenylthio, guanidino, substituted guanidino, halo, hydroxy, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, substituted heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, substituted heteroarylthio, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, heterocyclyloxy, substituted heterocyclyloxy, heterocyclylthio, substituted heterocyclylthio, nitro, SO₃H, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonyloxy, thioacyl, thiol, alkylthio, and substituted alkylthio, wherein said substituents are defined herein.

“Substituted alkenyl” refers to alkenyl groups having from 1 to 3 substituents, and preferably 1 to 2 substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, aminothiocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminothiocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonyloxy, aminosulfonylamino, amidino, aryl, substituted aryl, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carboxyl, carboxyl ester, (carboxyl ester)amino, (carboxyl ester)oxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, substituted cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkylthio, substituted cycloalkylthio, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyloxy, substituted cycloalkenyloxy, cycloalkenylthio, substituted cycloalkenylthio, guanidino, substituted guanidino, halo, hydroxy, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, substituted heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, substituted heteroarylthio, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, heterocyclyloxy, substituted heterocyclyloxy, heterocyclylthio, substituted heterocyclylthio, nitro, SO₃H, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonyloxy, thioacyl, thiol, alkylthio, and substituted alkylthio, wherein said substituents are defined herein and with the proviso that any hydroxy or thiol substitution is not attached to a vinyl (unsaturated) carbon atom.

“Substituted alkynyl” refers to alkynyl groups having from 1 to 3 substituents, and preferably 1 to 2 substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, aminothiocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminothiocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonyloxy, aminosulfonylamino, amidino, aryl, substituted aryl, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carboxyl, carboxyl ester, (carboxyl ester)amino, (carboxyl ester)oxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, substituted cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkylthio, substituted cycloalkylthio, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyloxy, substituted cycloalkenyloxy, cycloalkenylthio, substituted cycloalkenylthio, guanidino, substituted guanidino, halo, hydroxy, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, substituted heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, substituted heteroarylthio, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, heterocyclyloxy, substituted heterocyclyloxy, heterocyclylthio, substituted heterocyclylthio, nitro, SO₃H, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonyloxy, thioacyl, thiol, alkylthio, and substituted alkylthio, wherein said substituents are defined herein and with the proviso that any hydroxy or thiol substitution is not attached to an acetylenic carbon atom.

“Alkoxy” refers to the group —O-alkyl wherein alkyl is defined herein. Alkoxy includes, by way of example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy, sec-butoxy, and n-pentoxy.

“Substituted alkoxy” refers to the group —O-(substituted alkyl) wherein substituted alkyl is defined herein.

“Acyl” refers to the groups H—C(O)—, alkyl-C(O)—, substituted alkyl-C(O)—, alkenyl-C(O)—, substituted alkenyl-C(O)—, alkynyl-C(O)—, substituted alkynyl-C(O)—, cycloalkyl-C(O)—, substituted cycloalkyl-C(O)—, cycloalkenyl-C(O)—, substituted cycloalkenyl-C(O)—, aryl-C(O)—, substituted aryl-C(O)—, heteroaryl-C(O)—, substituted heteroaryl-C(O)—, heterocyclic-C(O)—, and substituted heterocyclic-C(O)—, wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein. Acyl includes the “acetyl” group CH₃C(O)—.

“Acylamino” refers to the groups —NR³⁸C(O)alkyl, —NR³⁸C(O)substituted alkyl, —NR³⁸C(O)cycloalkyl, —NR³⁸C(O)substituted cycloalkyl, —NR³⁸C(O)cycloalkenyl, —NR³⁸C(O)substituted cycloalkenyl, —NR³⁸C(O)alkenyl, —NR³⁸C(O)substituted alkenyl, —NR³⁸C(O)alkynyl, —NR³⁸C(O)substituted alkynyl, —NR³⁸C(O)aryl, —NR³⁸C(O)substituted aryl, —NR³⁸C(O)heteroaryl, —NR³⁸C(O)substituted heteroaryl, —NR³⁸C(O)heterocyclic, and —NR³⁸C(O)substituted heterocyclic wherein R³⁸ is hydrogen or alkyl and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Acyloxy” refers to the groups alkyl-C(O)O—, substituted alkyl-C(O)O—, alkenyl-C(O)O—, substituted alkenyl-C(O)O—, alkynyl-C(O)O—, substituted alkynyl-C(O)O—, aryl-C(O)O—, substituted aryl-C(O)O—, cycloalkyl-C(O)O—, substituted cycloalkyl-C(O)O—, cycloalkenyl-C(O)O—, substituted cycloalkenyl-C(O)O—, heteroaryl-C(O)O—, substituted heteroaryl-C(O)O—, heterocyclic-C(O)O—, and substituted heterocyclic-C(O)O— wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Amino” refers to the group —NH₂.

“Substituted amino” refers to the group —NR³⁹R⁴⁰ where R³⁹ and R⁴⁰ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-alkenyl, —SO₂-substituted alkenyl, —SO₂-cycloalkyl, —SO₂-substituted cycloalkyl, —SO₂-cycloalkenyl, —SO₂-substituted cylcoalkenyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-substituted aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂-substituted heteroaryl, —SO₂-heterocyclic, and —SO₂-substituted heterocyclic and wherein R³⁹ and R⁴⁰ are optionally joined, together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, provided that R³⁹ and R⁴⁰ are both not hydrogen, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein. When R³⁹ is hydrogen and R⁴⁰ is alkyl, the substituted amino group is sometimes referred to herein as alkylamino. When R³⁹ and R⁴⁰ are alkyl, the substituted amino group is sometimes referred to herein as dialkylamino. When referring to a monosubstituted amino, it is meant that either R³⁹ or R⁴⁰ is hydrogen but not both. When referring to a disubstituted amino, it is meant that neither R³⁹ nor R⁴⁰ are hydrogen.

“Aminocarbonyl” refers to the group —C(O)NR⁴¹R⁴² where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic and where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are optionally joined together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Aminothiocarbonyl” refers to the group —C(S)NR⁴¹R⁴² where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic and where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are optionally joined together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Aminocarbonylamino” refers to the group —NR³⁸C(O)NR⁴¹R⁴² where R³⁸ is hydrogen or alkyl and R⁴¹ and R⁴² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic and where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are optionally joined together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Aminothiocarbonylamino” refers to the group —NR³⁸C(S)NR⁴¹R⁴² where R³⁸ is hydrogen or alkyl and R⁴¹ and R⁴² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic and where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are optionally joined together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Aminocarbonyloxy” refers to the group —O—C(O)NR⁴¹R⁴² where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic and where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are optionally joined together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Aminosulfonyl” refers to the group —SO₂NR⁴¹R⁴² where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic and where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are optionally joined together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Aminosulfonyloxy” refers to the group —O—SO₂NR⁴¹R⁴² where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic and where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are optionally joined together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Aminosulfonylamino” refers to the group —NR³⁸—SO₂NR⁴¹R⁴² where R³⁸ is hydrogen or alkyl and R⁴¹ and R⁴² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic and where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are optionally joined together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Amidino” refers to the group —C(═NR⁴³)NR⁴¹R⁴² where R⁴¹, R⁴², and R⁴³ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic and where R⁴¹ and R⁴² are optionally joined together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Aryl” or “Ar” refers to a monovalent aromatic carbocyclic group of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl) which condensed rings may or may not be aromatic (e.g., 2-benzoxazolinone, 2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one-7-yl, and the like) provided that the point of attachment is at an aromatic carbon atom. Preferred aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl.

“Substituted aryl” refers to aryl groups which are substituted with 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3, or more preferably 1 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, aminothiocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminothiocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonyloxy, aminosulfonylamino, amidino, aryl, substituted aryl, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carboxyl, carboxyl ester, (carboxyl ester)amino, (carboxyl ester)oxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, substituted cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkylthio, substituted cycloalkylthio, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyloxy, substituted cycloalkenyloxy, cycloalkenylthio, substituted cycloalkenylthio, guanidino, substituted guanidino, halo, hydroxy, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, substituted heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, substituted heteroarylthio, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, heterocyclyloxy, substituted heterocyclyloxy, heterocyclylthio, substituted heterocyclylthio, nitro, SO₃H, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonyloxy, thioacyl, thiol, alkylthio, and substituted alkylthio, wherein said substituents are defined herein.

“Aryloxy” refers to the group —O-aryl, where aryl is as defined herein, that includes, by way of example, phenoxy and naphthoxy.

“Substituted aryloxy” refers to the group —O-(substituted aryl) where substituted aryl is as defined herein.

“Arylthio” refers to the group —S-aryl, where aryl is as defined herein.

“Substituted arylthio” refers to the group —S-(substituted aryl), where substituted aryl is as defined herein.

“Carbonyl” refers to the divalent group —C(O)— which is equivalent to —C(═O)—.

“Carboxy” or “carboxyl” refers to —COOH or salts thereof.

“Carboxyl ester” or “carboxy ester” refers to the groups —C(O)O-alkyl, —C(O)O-substituted alkyl, —C(O)O-alkenyl, —C(O)O-substituted alkenyl, —C(O)O-alkynyl, —C(O)O-substituted alkynyl, —C(O)O-aryl, —C(O)O-substituted aryl, —C(O)O-cycloalkyl, —C(O)O-substituted cycloalkyl, —C(O)O-cycloalkenyl, —C(O)O-substituted cycloalkenyl, —C(O)O-heteroaryl, —C(O)O-substituted heteroaryl, —C(O)O-heterocyclic, and —C(O)O-substituted heterocyclic wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“(Carboxyl ester)amino” refers to the group —NR³⁸—C(O)O-alkyl, —NR³⁸—C(O)O-substituted alkyl, —NR³⁸—C(O)O-alkenyl, —NR³⁸—C(O)O-substituted alkenyl, —NR³⁸—C(O)O-alkynyl, —NR³⁸—C(O)O-substituted alkynyl, —NR³⁸—C(O)O-aryl, —NR³⁸—C(O)O-substituted aryl, —NR³⁸—C(O)O-cycloalkyl, —NR³⁸—C(O)O-substituted cycloalkyl, —NR³⁸—C(O)O-cycloalkenyl, —NR³⁸—C(O)O-substituted cycloalkenyl, —NR³⁸—C(O)O-heteroaryl, —NR³⁸—C(O)O-substituted heteroaryl, —NR³⁸—C(O)O-heterocyclic, and —NR³⁸—C(O)O-substituted heterocyclic wherein R³⁸ is alkyl or hydrogen, and wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“(Carboxyl ester)oxy” refers to the group —O—C(O)O-alkyl, substituted —O—C(O)O-alkyl, —O—C(O)O-alkenyl, —O—C(O)O-substituted alkenyl, —O—C(O)O-alkynyl, —O—C(O)O-substituted alkynyl, —O—C(O)O-aryl, —O—C(O)O-substituted aryl, —O—C(O)O-cycloalkyl, —O—C(O)O-substituted cycloalkyl, —O—C(O)O-cycloalkenyl, —O—C(O)O-substituted cycloalkenyl, —O—C(O)O-heteroaryl, —O—C(O)O-substituted heteroaryl, —O—C(O)O-heterocyclic, and —O—C(O)O-substituted heterocyclic wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Cyano” refers to the group —CN.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to cyclic alkyl groups of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms having single or multiple cyclic rings including fused, bridged, and spiro ring systems. One or more of the rings can be aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic provided that the point of attachment is through the non-aromatic, non-heterocyclic ring carbocyclic ring. Examples of suitable cycloalkyl groups include, for instance, adamantyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclooctyl. Other examples of cycloalkyl groups include bicycle[2,2,2,]octanyl, norbornyl, and spirobicyclo groups such as spiro[4.5]dec-8-yl.

“Cycloalkenyl” refers to non-aromatic cyclic alkyl groups of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms having single or multiple cyclic rings and having at least one >C═C< ring unsaturation and preferably from 1 to 2 sites of >C═C< ring unsaturation.

“Substituted cycloalkyl” and “substituted cycloalkenyl” refers to a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group having from 1 to 5 or preferably 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo, thione, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, aminothiocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminothiocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aminosulfonyl, aminosulfonyloxy, aminosulfonylamino, amidino, aryl, substituted aryl, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carboxyl, carboxyl ester, (carboxyl ester)amino, (carboxyl ester)oxy, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkyloxy, substituted cycloalkyloxy, cycloalkylthio, substituted cycloalkylthio, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyloxy, substituted cycloalkenyloxy, cycloalkenylthio, substituted cycloalkenylthio, guanidino, substituted guanidino, halo, hydroxy, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, substituted heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, substituted heteroarylthio, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, heterocyclyloxy, substituted heterocyclyloxy, heterocyclylthio, substituted heterocyclylthio, nitro, SO₃H, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonyloxy, thioacyl, thiol, alkylthio, and substituted alkylthio, wherein said substituents are defined herein.

“Cycloalkyloxy” refers to —O-cycloalkyl.

“Substituted cycloalkyloxy” refers to —O-(substituted cycloalkyl).

“Cycloalkylthio” refers to —S-cycloalkyl.

“Substituted cycloalkylthio” refers to —S-(substituted cycloalkyl).

“Cycloalkenyloxy” refers to —O-cycloalkenyl.

“Substituted cycloalkenyloxy” refers to —O-(substituted cycloalkenyl).

“Cycloalkenylthio” refers to —S-cycloalkenyl.

“Substituted cycloalkenylthio” refers to —S-(substituted cycloalkenyl).

“Guanidino” refers to the group —NHC(═NH)NH₂.

“Substituted guanidino” refers to —NR⁴⁴C(═NR⁴⁴)N(R⁴⁴)₂ where each R⁴⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic and two R⁴⁴ groups attached to a common guanidino nitrogen atom are optionally joined together with the nitrogen bound thereto to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic group, provided that at least one R⁴⁴ is not hydrogen, and wherein said substituents are as defined herein.

“Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo and preferably is fluoro or chloro.

“Haloalkyl” refers to alkyl groups substituted with 1 to 5, 1 to 3, or 1 to 2 halo groups, wherein alkyl and halo are as defined herein.

“Haloalkoxy” refers to alkoxy groups substituted with 1 to 5, 1 to 3, or 1 to 2 halo groups, wherein alkoxy and halo are as defined herein.

“Haloalkylthio” refers to alkylthio groups substituted with 1 to 5, 1 to 3, or 1 to 2 halo groups, wherein alkylthio and halo are as defined herein.

“Hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” refers to the group —OH.

“Heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic group of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur within the ring. Such heteroaryl groups can have a single ring (e.g., pyridyl, pyridinyl or furyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., indolizinyl or benzothienyl) wherein the condensed rings may or may not be aromatic and/or contain a heteroatom provided that the point of attachment is through an atom of the aromatic heteroaryl group. In one embodiment, the nitrogen and/or the sulfur ring atom(s) of the heteroaryl group are optionally oxidized to provide for the N-oxide (N→O), sulfinyl, and/or sulfonyl moieties. Preferred heteroaryls include pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, thiophenyl, and furanyl.

“Substituted heteroaryl” refers to heteroaryl groups that are substituted with from 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3, or more preferably 1 to 2 substituents selected from the group consisting of the same group of substituents defined for substituted aryl.

“Heteroaryloxy” refers to —O-heteroaryl.

“Substituted heteroaryloxy” refers to the group —O-(substituted heteroaryl).

“Heteroarylthio” refers to the group —S-heteroaryl.

“Substituted heteroarylthio” refers to the group —S-(substituted heteroaryl).

“Heterocycle” or “heterocyclic” or “heterocycloalkyl” or “heterocyclyl” refers to a saturated or partially saturated, but not aromatic, group having from 1 to 10 ring carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen. Heterocycle encompasses single ring or multiple condensed rings, including fused bridged and spiro ring systems. In fused ring systems, one or more the rings can be cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl provided that the point of attachment is through the non-aromatic heterocyclic ring. In one embodiment, the nitrogen and/or sulfur atom(s) of the heterocyclic group are optionally oxidized to provide for the N-oxide, sulfinyl, and/or sulfonyl moieties.

“Substituted heterocyclic” or “substituted heterocycloalkyl” or “substituted heterocyclyl” refers to heterocyclyl groups that are substituted with from 1 to 5 or preferably 1 to 3 of the same substituents as defined for substituted cycloalkyl.

“Heterocyclyloxy” refers to the group —O-heterocycyl.

“Substituted heterocyclyloxy” refers to the group —O-(substituted heterocycyl).

“Heterocyclylthio” refers to the group —S-heterocycyl.

“Substituted heterocyclylthio” refers to the group —S-(substituted heterocycyl).

Examples of heterocycle and heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, azetidine, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole, indole, dihydroindole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline, quinoline, phthalazine, naphthylpyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine, phenanthroline, isothiazole, phenazine, isoxazole, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, imidazolidine, imidazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indoline, phthalimide, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene, thiazole, thiazolidine, thiophene, benzo[b]thiophene, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl (also referred to as thiamorpholinyl), 1,1-dioxothiomorpholinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidine, and tetrahydrofuranyl.

“Nitro” refers to the group —NO₂.

“Oxo” refers to the atom (═O) or (—O⁻).

“Spiro ring systems” refers to bicyclic ring systems that have a single ring carbon atom common to both rings.

“Sulfonyl” refers to the divalent group —S(O)₂—.

“Substituted sulfonyl” refers to the group —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-alkenyl, —SO₂-substituted alkenyl, —SO₂-cycloalkyl, —SO₂-substituted cycloalkyl, —SO₂-cycloalkenyl, —SO₂-substituted cylcoalkenyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-substituted aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂-substituted heteroaryl, —SO₂-heterocyclic, —SO₂-substituted heterocyclic, wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein. Substituted sulfonyl includes groups such as methyl-SO₂—, phenyl-SO₂—, and 4-methylphenyl-SO₂—. The term “alkylsulfonyl” refers to —SO₂-alkyl. The term “haloalkylsulfonyl” refers to —SO₂-haloalkyl where haloalkyl is defined herein. The term “(substituted sulfonyl)amino” refers to —NH(substituted sulfonyl), and the term “(substituted sulfonyl)aminocarbonyl” refers to —C(O)NH(substituted sulfonyl), wherein substituted sulfonyl is as defined herein.

“Sulfonyloxy” refers to the group —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted alkyl, —OSO₂-alkenyl, —OSO₂-substituted alkenyl, —OSO₂-cycloalkyl, —OSO₂-substituted cycloalkyl, —OSO₂-cycloalkenyl, —OSO₂-substituted cylcoalkenyl, —OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —OSO₂-heteroaryl, —OSO₂-substituted heteroaryl, —OSO₂-heterocyclic, —OSO₂-substituted heterocyclic, wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Thioacyl” refers to the groups H—C(S)—, alkyl-C(S)—, substituted alkyl-C(S)—, alkenyl-C(S)—, substituted alkenyl-C(S)—, alkynyl-C(S)—, substituted alkynyl-C(S)—, cycloalkyl-C(S)—, substituted cycloalkyl-C(S)—, cycloalkenyl-C(S)—, substituted cycloalkenyl-C(S)—, aryl-C(S)—, substituted aryl-C(S)—, heteroaryl-C(S)—, substituted heteroaryl-C(S)—, heterocyclic-C(S)—, and substituted heterocyclic-C(S)—, wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic are as defined herein.

“Thiol” refers to the group —SH.

“Thiocarbonyl” refers to the divalent group —C(S)— which is equivalent to —C(═S)—.

“Thione” refers to the atom (═S).

“Alkylthio” refers to the group —S-alkyl wherein alkyl is as defined herein.

“Substituted alkylthio” refers to the group —S-(substituted alkyl) wherein substituted alkyl is as defined herein.

“Compound” or “compounds” as used herein is meant to include the stereoiosmers and tautomers of the indicated formulas.

“Stereoisomer” or “stereoisomers” refer to compounds that differ in the chirality of one or more stereocenters. Stereoisomers include enantiomers and diastereomers.

“Tautomer” refer to alternate forms of a compound that differ in the position of a proton, such as enol-keto and imine-enamine tautomers, or the tautomeric forms of heteroaryl groups containing a ring atom attached to both a ring —NH— moiety and a ring ═N— moiety such as pyrazoles, imidazoles, benzimidazoles, triazoles, and tetrazoles.

As used herein, the term “phosphate ester” refers to any one of the mono-, di- or triphosphate esters of noribogaine, wherein the mono-, di- or triphosphate ester moiety is bonded to the 12-hydroxy group and/or the indole nitrogen of noribogaine.

As used herein, the term “phosphate ester” refers to any one of the mono-, di- or triphosphate esters of noribogaine, wherein the mono-, di- or triphosphate ester moiety is bonded to the 12-hydroxy group and/or the indole nitrogen of noribogaine.

As used herein, the term “monophosphate” refers to the group —P(O)(OH)₂.

As used herein, the term “diphosphate” refers to the group —P(O)(OH)—OP(O)(OH)₂.

As used herein, the term “triphosphate” refers to the group —P(O)(OH)—(OP(O)(OH))₂OH.

As used herein, the term “ester” as it refers to esters of the mono-, di- or triphosphate group means esters of the monophosphate can be represented by the formula —P(O)(OR⁴⁵)₂, where each R⁴⁵ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₄ aryl, heteroaryl of 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 optionally oxidized heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur and the like, provided that at least one R⁴⁵ is not hydrogen. Likewise, exemplary esters of the di- or triphosphate can be represented by the formulas —P(O)(OR⁴⁵)—OP(O)(OR⁴⁵)₂ and —P(O)(OR⁴⁵)—(OP(O)(OR⁴⁵))₂OR⁴⁵, where R⁴⁵ is as defined above.

As used herein, the term “hydrolyzable group” refers to a group that can be hydrolyzed to release the free hydroxy group under hydrolysis conditions. Examples of hydrolysable group include, but are not limited to those defined for R above. Preferred hydrolysable groups include carboxyl esters, phosphates and phosphate esters. The hydrolysis may be done by chemical reactions conditions such as base hydrolysis or acid hydrolysis or may be done in vivo by biological processes, such as those catalyzed by a phosphate hydrolysis enzyme. Nonlimiting examples of hydrolysable group include groups linked with an ester-based linker (—C(O)O— or —OC(O)—), an amide-based linker (—C(O)NR⁴⁶— or —NR⁴⁶C(O)—), or a phosphate-linker (—P(O)(OR⁴⁶)—O—, —O—P(S)(OR⁴⁶)—O—, —O—P(S)(SR⁴⁶)—O—, —S—P(O)(OR⁴⁶)—O—, —O—P(O)(OR⁴⁶)—S—, —S—P(O)(OR⁴⁶)—S—, —O—P(S)(OR⁴⁶)—S—, —S—P(S)(OR⁴⁶)—O—, —O—P(O)(R⁴⁶)—O—, —O—P(S)(R⁴⁶)—O—, —S—P(O)(R⁴⁶)—O—, —S—P(S)(R⁴⁶)—O—, —S—P(O)(R⁴⁶)—S—, or —O—P(S)(R⁴⁶)—S—) where R⁴⁶ can be hydrogen or alkyl.

Substituted groups of this invention, as set forth above, do not include polymers obtained by an infinite chain of substituted groups. At most, any substituted group can be substituted up to five times.

“Noribogaine” refers to the compound:

as well as noribogaine derivatives or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof. It should be understood that where “noribogaine” is mentioned herein, one more polymorphs of noribogaine can be utilized and are contemplated. In some embodiments, noribogaine is noribogaine glucuronide. Noribogaine can be prepared by demethylation of naturally occurring ibogaine:

which is isolated from Tabernanth iboga, a shrub of West Africa. Demethylation may be accomplished by conventional techniques such as by reaction with boron tribromide/methylene chloride at room temperature followed by conventional purification. See, for example, Huffman, et al., J. Org. Chem. 50:1460 (1985), which incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Noribogaine can be synthesized as described, for example in U.S. Patent Pub. Nos. 2013/0165647, 2013/0303756, and 2012/0253037, PCT Patent Publication No. WO 2013/040471 (includes description of making noribogaine polymorphs), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/593,454, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

“Noribogaine derivatives” refer to esters or O-carbamates of noribogaine, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates of each thereof. Also encompassed within this invention are derivatives of noribogaine that act as prodrug forms of noribogaine. A prodrug is a pharmacological substance administered in an inactive (or significantly less active) form. Once administered, the prodrug is metabolized in vivo into an active metabolite. Noribogaine derivatives include, without limitation, those compounds set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,348,456 and 8,362,007; as well as in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/165,626; and US Patent Application Publication Nos. US2013/0131046; US2013/0165647; US2013/0165425; and US2013/0165414; all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Non-limiting examples of noribogaine derivatives encompassed by this invention are given in more detail in the “Compositions of the Invention” section below.

In some embodiments, the methods of the present disclosure entail the administration of a prodrug of noribogaine that provides the desired maximum serum concentrations and efficacious average noribogaine serum levels. A prodrug of noribogaine refers to a compound that metabolizes, in vivo, to noribogaine. In some embodiments, the prodrug is selected to be readily cleavable either by a cleavable linking arm or by cleavage of the prodrug entity that binds to noribogaine such that noribogaine is generated in vivo. In one preferred embodiment, the prodrug moiety is selected to facilitate binding to the μ and/or κ receptors in the brain either by facilitating passage across the blood brain barrier or by targeting brain receptors other than the μ and/or κ receptors. Examples of prodrugs of noribogaine are provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/165,626, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This invention is not limited to any particular chemical form of noribogaine, and the drug may be given to patients either as a free base, solvate, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt. In the latter case, the hydrochloride salt is generally preferred, but other salts derived from organic or inorganic acids may also be used. Examples of such acids include, without limitation, those described below as “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” and the like.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable composition” refers to a composition that is suitable for administration to a human. Such compositions include various excipients, diluents, carriers, and such other inactive agents well known to the skilled artisan.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to pharmaceutically acceptable salts, including pharmaceutically acceptable partial salts, of a compound, which salts are derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counter ions well known in the art and include, by way of example only, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, methane sulfonic acid, phosphorous acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, maleic acid, aconitic acid, salicylic acid, thalic acid, embonic acid, enanthic acid, oxalic acid and the like, and when the molecule contains an acidic functionality, include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like.

“Therapeutically effective amount” or “therapeutic amount” refers to an amount of a drug or an agent that, when administered to a patient suffering from a condition, will have the intended therapeutic effect, e.g., alleviation, amelioration, palliation or elimination of one or more manifestations of the condition in the patient. The therapeutically effective amount will vary depending upon the patient and the condition being treated, the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the condition, the salt, solvate, or derivative of the active drug portion chosen, the particular composition or excipient chosen, the dosing regimen to be followed, timing of administration, the manner of administration and the like, all of which can be determined readily by one of ordinary skill in the art. The full therapeutic effect does not necessarily occur by administration of one dose, and may occur only after administration of a series of doses. Thus, a therapeutically effective amount may be administered in one or more administrations. For example, and without limitation, a therapeutically effective amount of noribogaine, in the context of treating opioid or opioid-like drug dependency, refers to an amount of noribogaine that attenuates the dependency and/or symptoms of acute withdrawal for at least 2 hours beyond control (placebo), at least 5 hours beyond control, and preferably at least 10 hours beyond control.

A “therapeutic level” of a drug is an amount of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutical salt or solvate thereof that is sufficient to treat opioid or opioid-like drug addiction or to treat, prevent, or attenuate acute withdrawal symptoms, but not high enough to pose any significant risk to the patient. Therapeutic levels of drugs can be determined by tests that measure the actual concentration of the compound in the blood of the patient. This concentration is referred to as the “serum concentration.” Where the serum concentration of noribogaine is mentioned, it is to be understood that the term “noribogaine” encompasses any form of noribogaine, including derivatives thereof.

The term “dose” refers to a range of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutical salt or solvate thereof that provides a therapeutic serum level of noribogaine when given to a patient in need thereof. The dose is recited in a range, for example from 20 mg to 120 mg, and can be expressed either as milligrams or as mg/kg body weight. The attending clinician will select an appropriate dose from the range based on the patient's weight, age, degree of addiction, health, and other relevant factors, all of which are well within the skill of the art.

The term “unit dose” refers to a dose of drug that is given to the patient to provide therapeutic results, independent of the weight of the patient. In such an instance, the unit dose is sold in a standard form (e.g., 20 mg tablet). The unit dose may be administered as a single dose or a series of subdoses. In some embodiments, the unit dose provides a standardized level of drug to the patient, independent of weight of patient. Many medications are sold based on a dose that is therapeutic to all patients based on a therapeutic window. In such cases, it is not necessary to titrate the dosage amount based on the weight of the patient.

As defined herein, a “maintenance amount” of a drug is an amount, typically less than the therapeutically effective amount that provides attenuation and/or prevention of post-acute withdrawal syndrome in a patient. The maintenance amount of the compound is expected to be less than the therapeutically effective amount because the level of inhibition does not need to be as high in a patient who is no longer physically addicted to opioid or opioid-like drug. For example, a maintenance amount is preferably 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, or 10% less than a therapeutically effective amount, or any subvalue or subrange there between.

“Treatment,” “treating,” and “treat” are defined as acting upon a disease, disorder, or condition with an agent to reduce or ameliorate harmful or any other undesired effects of the disease, disorder, or condition and/or its symptoms. “Treatment,” as used herein, covers the treatment of a human patient, and includes: (a) reducing the risk of occurrence of the condition in a patient determined to be predisposed to the condition but not yet diagnosed as having the condition, (b) impeding the development of the condition, and/or (c) relieving the condition, i.e., causing regression of the condition and/or relieving one or more symptoms of the condition. “Treating” or “treatment of” a condition or patient refers to taking steps to obtain beneficial or desired results, including clinical results such as the reduction of symptoms. For purposes of this invention, beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to: treating opioid or opioid-like drug addiction; treating, preventing, and/or attenuating acute withdrawal symptoms; treating, preventing, and/or attenuating long-term (post-acute) withdrawal symptoms; and preventing relapse of opioid or opioid-like drug use.

As used herein, the term “patient” refers to humans.

As used herein, the term “opiate” refers to naturally-occurring alkaloids found in the opium poppy. These include codeine, morphine, oripavine, pseudomorphine, and thebaine. Also included are opium, opium poppy, poppy straw, and extracts and concentrates thereof.

As used herein, the term “opioid” refers to naturally-occurring opiates and synthetic or semi-synthetic opioids that have psychoactive effects. Non-limiting examples include acetyl-alpha-methylphentanyl, acetylmethadol, alfentanil, allylprodine, alphacetylmethadol, alphamethadol, alpha-methylfentanyl, alpha-methylthiofentanyl, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine, benzethidine, betacetylmethadol, beta-hydroxyfentanyl, beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl, betameprodine, betacetylmethadol, beta-hydroxyfentanyl, beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl, betameprodine, betamethadol, betaprodine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, carfentanil, clonitazene, codeine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dextropropoxyphene, dezocine, diampromide, diamorphone, diethylthiambutene, dihydrocodeine, dihydroetorphine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethyl-thiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, diphenoxylate, difenoxin, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene, etorphine, etoxeridine, fentanyl, furethidine, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone, levo-alphacetylmethadol, levomethorphan, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, levomoramide, lofentanil, loperamide, laudanum, meperidine, meptazinol, metazocine, methadone, 3-methylfentanyl, 3-methylthiofentanyl, metopon, morphine, morpheridine, MPPP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine), myrophine, narceine, nicomorphine, noracymethadol, norlevorphanol, normethadone, nalorphine, nalbuphene, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, papaveretum, para-fluorofentanyl, paregoric, PEPAP (1-(−2-phenethyl)-4-phenyl-4-acetoxypiperidine), pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenampromide, phenomorphan, phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, propheptazine, promedol, properidine, propiram, propoxyphene, racemoramide, racemethorphan, racemorphan, remifentanil, sufentanil, tapentadol, thiofentanyl, tilidine, tramadol, trimeperidine, mixtures of any of the foregoing, salts of any of the foregoing, derivatives of any of the foregoing, and the like. The term opioids also encompasses opioid intermediates, including 4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl butane, 2-methyl-3-morpholino-1,1-diphenylpropane-carboxylic acid, 4-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine, ethyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylate, and 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid. Many opioids are Schedule I or Schedule II drugs in the US.

As used herein, the term “opioid-like drug” refers to any illicit drug that binds to one or more opioid receptor and causes opioid-like addiction. Acute and long-term withdrawal symptoms from cessation of use of such drugs may be similar to those from cessation of opioids. Opioid-like drugs include amphetamine, methamphetamine, ketamine, and cocaine.

As used herein, the term “QT interval” refers to the measure of the time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave in the electrical cycle of the heart. Prolongation of the QT interval refers to an increase in the QT interval.

As used herein, the terms “addiction” and “dependence” are used interchangeably to refer to the patient's inability to stop using the opioid or opioid-like drug, even when it would be in his/her best interest to stop. The DSMIV-TR criteria for dependency include:

-   -   Dependence or significant impairment or distress, as manifested         by 3 or more of the following during a 12 month period:     -   1. Tolerance or markedly increased amounts of the substance to         achieve intoxication or desired effect or markedly diminished         effect with continued use of the same amount of substance     -   2. Withdrawal symptoms or the use of certain substances to avoid         withdrawal symptoms     -   3. Use of a substance in larger amounts or over a longer period         than was intended     -   4. Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or         control substance use     -   5. Involvement in chronic behavior to obtain the substance, use         the substance, or recover from its effects     -   6. Reduction or abandonment of social, occupational or         recreational activities because of substance use     -   7. Use of substances even though there is a persistent or         recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to         have been caused or exacerbated by the substance.

The term “solvate” as used herein refers to complexes with solvents in which noribogaine is reacted or from which noribogaine is precipitated or crystallized. For example, a complex with water is known as a “hydrate”. Solvates of noribogaine are within the scope of the invention. It will be appreciated by those skilled in organic chemistry that many organic compounds can exist in more than one crystalline form. For example, crystalline form may vary based on the solvate used. Thus, all crystalline forms of noribogaine or the pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof are within the scope of the present invention.

II. COMPOSITIONS OF THE INVENTION

As will be apparent to the skilled artisan upon reading this disclosure, this invention provides compositions for treating substance abuse in a subject, comprising noribogaine, noribogaine derivatives, prodrugs of noribogaine, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates of each thereof. This invention further provides compositions for treating, attenuating, or preventing withdrawal symptoms in a drug-addicted subject, comprising noribogaine, noribogaine derivatives, prodrugs of noribogaine, pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates of each thereof.

In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for oral, transdermal, internal, pulmonary, rectal, nasal, vaginal, lingual, intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracutaneous or subcutaneous delivery. In one embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is from 1 mg to 4 mg per kg body weight per day. In another embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is from 1 mg to 3 mg per kg body weight per day. In another embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is from 1 mg to 2 mg per kg body weight per day. In another embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is from 1.3 mg to 3 mg per kg body weight per day. In another embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is from 1.5 mg to 3 mg per kg body weight per day. In another embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is from 1.3 mg to 4 mg per kg body weight per day. In another embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is from 1.5 mg to 4 mg per kg body weight per day. The ranges include both extremes as well as any subranges there between.

In one embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is about 4 mg/kg body weight per day. In one embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is about 3 mg/kg body weight per day. In another embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is about 1 mg per kg body weight per day. In another embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is about 1.2 mg per kg body weight per day. In another embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is about 1.5 mg per kg body weight per day. In another embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is about 1.7 mg per kg body weight per day. In another embodiment, the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is about 2 mg per kg body weight per day.

In one embodiment, the noribogaine derivative is represented by Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof, wherein R is hydrogen or a hydrolyzable group such as hydrolyzable esters of from about 1 to 12 carbons.

Generally, in the above formula, R is hydrogen or a group of the formula:

wherein X is a C₁-C₁₂ group, which is unsubstituted or substituted. For example, X may be a linear alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl or n-dodecyl, or a branched alkyl group, such as i-propyl or sec-butyl. Also, X may be a phenyl group or benzyl group, either of which may be substituted with lower alkyl groups or lower alkoxy groups. Generally, the lower alkyl and/or alkoxy groups have from 1 to about 6 carbons. For example, the group R may be acetyl, propionyl or benzoyl. However, these groups are only exemplary.

Generally, for all groups X, they may either be unsubstituted or substituted with lower alkyl or lower alkoxy groups. For example, substituted X may be o-, m- or p-methyl or methoxy benzyl groups.

C₁-C₁₂ groups include C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₂ aryl, C₇-C₁₂ arylalkyl, wherein C_(x) indicates that the group contains x carbon atoms. Lower alkyl refers to C₁-C₄ alkyl and lower alkoxy refers to C₁-C₄ alkoxy.

In one embodiment, the noribogaine derivative is represented by Formula II:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof, wherein

-   -   is a single or double bond;     -   R¹ is halo, OR², or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl optionally substituted with 1         to 5 R¹⁰;     -   R² is hydrogen or a hydrolysable group selected from the group         consisting of —C(O)R^(x), —C(O)OR^(x) and —C(O)N(R^(y))₂ where         each Rx is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl         optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰, and each R^(y) is         independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,         C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰, C₆-C₁₄ aryl         optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰, C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl         optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰, C₁-C₁₀ heteroaryl having         1 to 4 heteroatoms and which is optionally substituted with 1 to         5 R¹⁰, C₁-C₁₀ heterocyclic having 1 to 4 heteroatoms and which         is optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰, and where each R^(y),         together with the nitrogen atom bound thereto form a C₁-C₆         heterocyclic having 1 to 4 heteroatoms and which is optionally         substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰ or a C₁-C₆ heteroaryl having 1 to 4         heteroatoms and which is optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰;     -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂         alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰, aryl optionally         substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰, —C(O)R⁶, —C(O)NR⁶R⁶ and —C(O)OR⁶;     -   R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,         —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁸, —CR⁷(OH)R⁸, —(CH₂)_(m)CN, —(CH₂)_(m)COR⁸,         —(CH₂)_(m)CO₂R⁸, —(CH₂)_(m)C(O)NR⁷R⁸, —(CH₂)_(m)C(O)NR⁷NR⁸R⁸,         —(CH₂)_(m)C(O)NR⁷NR⁸C(O)R⁹, and —(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷R⁸;     -   m is 0, 1, or 2;     -   L is a bond or C₁-C₁₂ alkylene;     -   R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂         alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰, C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl substituted         with 1 to 5 R¹⁰, —X¹—R⁷, —(X¹—Y)_(n)—X¹—R⁷, —SO₂NR⁷R⁸,         —O—C(O)R⁹, —C(O)OR⁸, —C(O)NR⁷R⁸, —NR⁷R⁸, —NHC(O)R⁹, and         —NR⁷C(O)R⁹;     -   each R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₆-C₁₀         aryl, C₁-C₆ heteroaryl having 1 to 4 heteroatoms, and C₁-C₆         heterocycle having 1 to 4 heteroatoms, and wherein the alkyl,         alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocycle are         optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰;     -   X¹ is selected from the group consisting of O and S;     -   Y is C₁-C₄ alkylene or C₆-C₁₀ arylene, or a combination thereof;     -   n is 1, 2, or 3;     -   R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently selected from the group         consisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl optionally substituted with         1 to 5 R¹⁰, C₁-C₆ heterocycle having 1 to 4 heteroatoms and         which is optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰, C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰, C₆-C₁₀ aryl         optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰ and C₁-C₆ heteroaryl         having 1 to 4 heteroatoms optionally substituted with 1 to 5         R¹⁰;     -   R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₁₂ alkyl         optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰, C₁-C₆ heterocycle having         1 to 4 heteroatoms optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰,         C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰, C₆-C₁₀         aryl optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰ and C₁-C₆ heteroaryl         having 1 to 4 heteroatoms optionally substituted with 1 to 5         R¹⁰;     -   R¹⁰ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₄ alkyl,         phenyl, halo, —OR¹¹, —CN, —COR¹¹, —CO₂R¹¹, —C(O)NHR¹¹, —NR¹¹R¹¹,         —C(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, —C(O)NHNHR¹¹, —C(O)NR¹¹NHR¹¹, —C(O)NR¹¹NR¹¹R¹¹,         —C(O)NHNR¹¹C(O)R¹¹, —C(O)NHNHC(O)R¹¹, —SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹,         —C(O)NR¹¹NR¹¹C(O)R¹¹, and —C(O)NR¹¹NHC(O)R¹¹; and     -   R¹¹ is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl;     -   provided that:     -   when L is a bond, then R⁵ is not hydrogen;     -   when         is a double bond, R¹ is an ester hydrolyzable group, R³ and R⁴         are both hydrogen, then -L-R⁵ is not ethyl;     -   when         is a double bond, R¹ is —OH, halo or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl optionally         substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁰, then R⁴ is hydrogen; and     -   when         is a double bond, R¹ is OR², R⁴ is hydrogen, -L-R⁵ is ethyl,         then R² is not a hydrolyzable group selected from the group         consisting of an ester, amide, carbonate and carbamate.

In one embodiment, the noribogaine derivative is represented by Formula III:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof, wherein

-   -   is a single or double bond;

R¹² is halo, —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —S(O)₂N(R¹⁷)₂, —R^(z)-L¹-R¹⁸, R^(z)-L¹-R¹⁹, R^(z)-L¹-R²⁰ or —R^(z)-L¹-CHR¹⁸R¹⁹, where R^(z) is O, S or NR¹⁷;

-   -   L¹ is alkylene, arylene, —C(O)-alkylene, —C(O)-arylene,         —C(O)O-arylene, —C(O)O— alkylene, —C(O)NR²⁰-alkylene,         —C(O)NR²⁰-arylene, —C(NR²⁰)NR²⁰-alkylene or         —C(NR²⁰)NR²⁰-arylene, wherein L¹ is configured such that         —O-L¹-OC(O)-alkylene-R¹⁸, —OC(O)O-arylene-R¹⁸,         —OC(O)O-alkylene-R¹⁸, —OC(O)-arylene-R¹⁸,         —OC(O)NR²⁰-alkylene-R¹⁸, —OC(O)NR²⁰-arylene-R¹⁸,         —OC(NR²⁰)NR²⁰-alkylene-R¹⁸ or —OC(NR²⁰)NR²⁰-arylene-R¹⁸, and         wherein the alkylene and arylene are optionally substituted with         1 to 2 R¹⁶;     -   R¹³ is hydrogen, —S(O)₂OR²⁰, —S(O)₂R²⁰, —C(O)R¹⁵, —C(O)NR¹⁵R¹⁵,         —C(O)OR¹⁵, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁶,         C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁶, or aryl         optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁶;     -   R¹⁴ is hydrogen, halo, —OR¹⁷, —CN, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         aryl or aryloxy, where the alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, and aryloxy are         optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁶;     -   each R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, and heterocycle, and wherein the alkyl, alkenyl,         alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocycle are optionally         substituted with 1 to 5 R¹⁶;     -   R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, halo,         —OR¹⁷, —CN, —COR¹⁷, —CO₂R¹⁷, —NR¹⁷R¹⁷, —NR¹⁷C(O)R¹⁷,         —NR¹⁷SO₂R¹⁷, —C(O)NR¹⁷R¹⁷, —C(O)NR¹⁷NR¹⁷R¹⁷, —SO₂NR¹⁷R¹⁷ and         —C(O)NR¹⁷NR¹⁷C(O)R¹⁷;     -   each R¹⁷ is independently hydrogen or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl optionally         substituted with from 1 to 3 halo;     -   R¹⁸ is hydrogen, —C(O)R²⁰, —C(O)OR²⁰, —C(O)N(R²⁰)₂ or         —N(R²⁰)C(O)R²⁰;     -   R¹⁹ is hydrogen, —N(R²⁰)₂, —C(O)N(R²⁰)₂, —C(NR²⁰)N(R²⁰)₂,         —C(NSO₂R²⁰)₂, NR²⁰C(O)N(R²⁰)₂, —NR²⁰C(S)N(R²⁰)₂, —NR²⁰C(NR²⁰)₂,         —NR²⁰C(NSO₂R²⁰)N(R²⁰)₂, or tetrazole; and     -   each R²⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of         hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl and aryl;     -   provided that:     -   when         is a double bond and R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen, then R¹² is not         hydroxy;     -   when         is a double bond, R¹⁴ is hydrogen, R¹² is —O-L¹-R¹⁸, —O-L¹-R¹⁹,         —O-L¹-R²⁰, and L¹ is alkylene, then —O-L¹-R¹⁸, —O-L¹-R¹⁹,         —O-L¹-R²⁰ are not methoxy;     -   when         is a double bond, R¹⁴ is hydrogen, R^(z) is O, L¹ is —C(O)—         alkylene, —C(O)-arylene, —C(O)O-arylene, —C(O)O-alkylene,         —C(O)NR²⁰-alkylene, or —C(O)NR²⁰-arylene, then none of R¹⁸, R¹⁹         or R²⁰ are hydrogen.

In one embodiment, the noribogaine derivative is represented by Formula IV:

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof,     -   wherein     -   R²¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a         hydrolysable group selected from the group consisting of         —C(O)R²³, —C(O)NR²⁴R²⁵ and —C(O)OR²⁶, where R²³ is selected from         the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl,         alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl and substituted alkynyl,         R²⁴ and R²⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting         of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted         alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl,         heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic and substituted         heterocyclic, R²⁶ is selected from the group consisting of         alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl,         substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl,         substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic and substituted         heterocyclic, provided that R²¹ is not a saccharide or an         oligosaccharide;     -   L² is selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond and         a cleavable linker group;     -   R²² is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl,         substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl,         substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl,         substituted cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl,         heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic, provided that R is         not a saccharide or an oligosaccharide;     -   provided that when L² is a covalent bond and R²² is hydrogen,         then R²¹ is selected from the group consisting of —C(O)NR²⁴R²⁵         and —C(O)OR²⁶; and     -   further provided that when R²¹ is hydrogen or —C(O)R²³ and L² is         a covalent bond, then R²² is not hydrogen.

In one embodiment, the noribogaine derivative is represented by Formula V:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof, wherein:

-   -   refers to a single or a double bond provided that when         is a single bond, Formula V refers to the corresponding dihydro         compound;     -   R²⁷ is hydrogen or SO₂OR²⁹;     -   R²⁸ is hydrogen or SO₂OR²⁹;     -   R²⁹ is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl;     -   provided that at least one of R²⁷ and R²⁸ is not hydrogen.

In one embodiment, the noribogaine derivative is represented by Formula VI:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof, wherein:

-   -   refers to a single or a double bond provided that when         is a single bond, Formula VI refers to the corresponding vicinal         dihydro compound;     -   R³⁰ is hydrogen, a monophosphate, a diphosphate or a         triphosphate; and     -   R³¹ is hydrogen, a monophosphate, a diphosphate or a         triphosphate;     -   provided that both R³⁰ and R³¹ are not hydrogen;         wherein one or more of the monophosphate, diphosphate and         triphosphate groups of R³⁰ and R³¹ are optionally esterified         with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl esters.

III. METHODS OF THE INVENTION

As will be apparent to the skilled artisan upon reading this disclosure, the present invention provides a method for treating opioid or opioid-like drug, abuse including acute and post-acute withdrawal symptoms, in a patient addicted to opioid or opioid-like drug, comprising administering to the patient a dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Therapeutic Administration

In one aspect, this invention relates to treatment of acute withdrawal from an opioid or opioid-like drug in an addicted patient comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In one aspect, this invention relates to a method for treating opioid or opioid-like drug abuse in an addicted patient, comprising administering to the patient a dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof that provides an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL (AUC/24 h), said concentration being sufficient to inhibit or ameliorate said abuse while maintaining a QT interval of less than about 500 ms during said treatment.

In one aspect, this invention relates to a method for attenuating withdrawal symptoms in a human patient susceptible to such symptoms due to opioid or opioid-like drug addiction, comprising administering to the patient a dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof that provides an average serum concentration of 80 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL (AUC/24 h), said concentration being sufficient to attenuate said symptoms while maintaining a QT interval of less than about 500 ms during said treatment. In some embodiments, the concentration is sufficient to attenuate said symptoms while maintaining a QT interval of less than about 470 ms during treatment. Preferably, the concentration is sufficient to attenuate said symptoms while maintaining a QT interval of less than about 450 ms during treatment. In one embodiment, the concentration is sufficient to attenuate said symptoms while maintaining a QT interval of less than about 420 ms during treatment. In one embodiment, the withdrawal symptoms are symptoms of acute withdrawal.

In one embodiment, the QT interval is not prolonged more than about 50 ms. In one embodiment, the QT interval is not prolonged more than about 40 ms. In one embodiment, the QT interval is not prolonged more than about 30 ms. In one embodiment, the QT interval is not prolonged more than about 20 ms. In one embodiment, prolongation of the QT interval is equivalent to or less than the prolongation observed for methadone-treated patients.

In one aspect, this invention relates to a method for attenuating withdrawal symptoms in a human patient susceptible to such symptoms due to opioid or opioid-like drug addiction, comprising administering to the patient a dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof that provides an average serum concentration of 60 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL (AUC/24 h), said concentration being sufficient to attenuate said symptoms while maintaining a QT interval of less than about 500 ms during said treatment. In some embodiments, the concentration is sufficient to attenuate said symptoms while maintaining a QT interval of less than about 470 ms during treatment. Preferably, the concentration is sufficient to attenuate said symptoms while maintaining a QT interval of less than about 450 ms during treatment. In one embodiment, the concentration is sufficient to attenuate said symptoms while maintaining a QT interval of less than about 420 ms during treatment. In one embodiment, the withdrawal symptoms are symptoms of acute withdrawal.

In one embodiment, the average serum concentration of noribogaine is from 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL, or 60 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL. In one embodiment, the average serum concentration of noribogaine is from 50 ng/mL to 150 ng/mL, or 60 ng/mL to 150 ng/mL. In one embodiment, the average serum concentration of noribogaine is from 50 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL, or 60 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL. In one embodiment, the average serum concentration of noribogaine is from 80 ng/mL to 150 ng/mL. In one embodiment, the average serum concentration of noribogaine is from 80 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL. The ranges include both extremes as well as any subranges between.

In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is from 1 mg/kg to 4 mg/kg body weight per day. The aggregate dosage is the combined dosage, for example the total amount of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof administered over a 24-hour period where smaller amounts are administered more than once per day. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is from 1.3 mg/kg to 4 mg/kg body weight. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is from 1.3 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg body weight. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is from 1.3 mg/kg to 2 mg/kg body weight. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is from 1.5 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg body weight. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is from 1.7 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg body weight. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is from 2 mg/kg to 4 mg/kg body weight. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is from 2 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg body weight. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is about 2 mg/kg body weight. The ranges include both extremes as well as any subranges there between.

In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is about 4 mg/kg body weight per day. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is about 3 mg/kg body weight per day. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is about 2 mg/kg body weight per day. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is about 1.7 mg/kg body weight per day. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is about 1.5 mg/kg body weight per day. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is about 1.3 mg/kg body weight per day. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is about 1 mg/kg body weight per day.

In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 70 mg and 150 mg. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 75 mg and 150 mg. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 80 mg and 140 mg. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 90 mg and 140 mg. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 90 mg and 130 mg. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 100 mg and 130 mg. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 110 mg and 130 mg.

In another embodiment, there is provided a unit dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof which is about 120 mg per dose. It being understood that the term “unit dose” means a dose sufficient to provide therapeutic results whether given all at once or serially over a period of time.

In some embodiments, the patient is administered an initial dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, followed by one or more additional doses. In one embodiment, such a dosing regimen provides an average serum concentration of noribogaine of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses maintain an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL over a period of time.

In some embodiments, the initial dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is from 75 mg to 120 mg. In one embodiment, the initial dose is about 75 mg. In one embodiment, the initial dose is about 80 mg. In one embodiment, the initial dose is about 85 mg. In one embodiment, the initial dose is about 90 mg. In one embodiment, the initial dose is about 95 mg. In one embodiment, the initial dose is about 100 mg. In one embodiment, the initial dose is about 105 mg. In one embodiment, the initial dose is about 110 mg. In one embodiment, the initial dose is about 115 mg. In one embodiment, the initial dose is about 120 mg.

In some embodiments, the one or more additional doses are lower than the initial dose. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses are from 5 mg to 50 mg. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses may or may not comprise the same amount of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof. In one embodiment, at least one additional dose is about 5 mg. In one embodiment, at least one additional dose is about 10 mg. In one embodiment, at least one additional dose is about 15 mg. In one embodiment, at least one additional dose is about 20 mg. In one embodiment, at least one additional dose is about 25 mg. In one embodiment, at least one additional dose is about 30 mg. In one embodiment, at least one additional dose is about 35 mg. In one embodiment, at least one additional dose is about 40 mg. In one embodiment, at least one additional dose is about 45 mg. In one embodiment, at least one additional dose is about 50 mg.

In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses are administered periodically. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses are administered every 4 hours. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses are administered every 6 hours. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses are administered every 8 hours. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses are administered every 10 hours. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses are administered every 12 hours. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses are administered every 18 hours. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses are administered every 24 hours. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses are administered every 36 hours. In one embodiment, the one or more additional doses are administered every 48 hours.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is a tapered dosing over a period of time, during which the patient is detoxified, for example, without suffering significant acute withdrawal symptoms. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that tapering will allow the full therapeutic effect of noribogaine with less prolongation of the QT interval. Tapering involves administration of one or more subsequently lower doses of noribogaine over time. For example, in some embodiments, the first tapered dose is 50% to 95% of the first or original dose. In some embodiments, the second tapered dose is 40% to 90% of the first or original dose. In some embodiments, the third tapered dose is 30% to 85% of the first or original dose. In some embodiments, the fourth tapered dose is 20% to 80% of the first or original dose. In some embodiments, the fifth tapered dose is 10% to 75% of the first or original dose.

In some embodiments, the first tapered dose is given after the first dose of noribogaine. In some embodiments, the first tapered dose is given after the second, third, or a subsequent dose of noribogaine. The first tapered dose may be administered at any time after the previous dose of noribogaine. The first tapered dose can be given once, for example, followed by subsequent further tapered doses, or it can be given multiple times with or without subsequent, further tapered doses (e.g., second, third, fourth, etc. tapered doses), which likewise can be given once or over multiple administrations, for example. In some embodiments, the first tapered dose is administered one hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, or more after the previous dose of noribogaine. Similarly, second, third, fourth, etc. tapered doses, if given, can be given one hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, or more after the previous dose of noribogaine.

In some embodiments, one tapered dose is given to achieve the desired lower therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, two tapered doses are given to achieve the desired lower therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, three tapered doses are given to achieve the desired lower therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, four or more tapered doses are given to achieve the desired lower therapeutic dose. Determination of the tapered doses, number of tapered doses, and the like can be readily made a qualified clinician.

In some embodiments, the patient is administered periodically, such as once, twice, three time, four times or five time daily with noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the administration is once daily, or once every second day, once every third day, three times a week, twice a week, or once a week. The dosage and frequency of the administration depends on the route of administration, dosage, age and body weight of the patient, condition of the patient, without limitation. Determination of dosage and frequency suitable for the present technology can be readily made a qualified clinician.

Noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate or salt thereof, suitable for administration in accordance with the methods provide herein, can be suitable for a variety of delivery modes including, without limitation, oral and transdermal delivery. Compositions suitable for internal, pulmonary, rectal, nasal, vaginal, lingual, intravenous, intra-arterial, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracutaneous and subcutaneous routes may also be used. Possible dosage forms include tablets, capsules, pills, powders, aerosols, suppositories, parenterals, and oral liquids, including suspensions, solutions and emulsions. Sustained release dosage forms may also be used. All dosage forms may be prepared using methods that are standard in the art (see e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th ed., A. Oslo editor, Easton Pa. 1980).

In a preferred embodiment, noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered orally, which may conveniently be provided in tablet, caplet, sublingual, liquid or capsule form. In certain embodiments, the noribogaine is provided as noribogaine HCl, with dosages reported as the amount of free base noribogaine. In some embodiments, the noribogaine HCl is provided in hard gelatin capsules containing only noribogaine HCl with no excipients.

The patient may suffer from addiction to any opioid or opiate or opioid-like drug. In a preferred embodiment, the opioid or opioid-like drug is selected from the group consisting of heroin, cocaine, opiate, methadone, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and methamphetamine. In one embodiment, the opioid or opioid-like drug is heroin. In one embodiment, the opioid or opioid-like drug is methadone. In one embodiment, the opioid or opioid-like drug is morphine.

Maintenance Administration

In one aspect, this invention relates to treatment or attenuation of post-acute withdrawal from opioids or opioid-like drug in an addicted patient with a maintenance amount of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In some aspects, this invention relates to a method to prevent relapse of opioid or opioid-like drug abuse in an addicted patient treated to ameliorate said abuse, said method comprising periodically administering to said patient a maintenance dosage of noribogaine.

In some embodiments, the patient undergoes long-term (e.g., one year or longer) treatment with maintenance doses of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the patient is treated for acute withdrawal with therapeutic doses of noribogaine as described above, and then the amount of noribogaine is reduced to maintenance levels after acute withdrawal symptoms would be expected to have subsided. Acute withdrawal symptoms generally are the most pronounced in the first 48 to 72 hours after cessation of the drug of addiction, although acute withdrawal may last as long as a week or more.

In some embodiments, the patient is administered a high (therapeutic) dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for a period of time to ameliorate the most significant withdraw symptoms, and then is administered a lower (maintenance) dose to prevent relapse to opioid or opioid-like drug use. In some embodiments, the patient is administered a therapeutic dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for a period of time to ameliorate the most significant withdraw symptoms, and then is administered a decreasing (tapered) amount of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof over time until the maintenance dose is reached.

In some embodiments, the maintenance dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is 70% of the therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose is 60% of the therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose is 50% of the therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose is 40% of the therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose is 30% of the therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose is 20% of the therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the maintenance dose is 10% of the therapeutic dose.

In some embodiments, the maintenance average serum level of noribogaine is 70% of the therapeutic average serum level of noribogaine. In some embodiments, the maintenance average serum level of noribogaine is 60% of the therapeutic average serum level of noribogaine. In some embodiments, the maintenance average serum level of noribogaine is 50% of the therapeutic average serum level of noribogaine. In some embodiments, the maintenance average serum level of noribogaine is 40% of the therapeutic average serum level of noribogaine. In some embodiments, the maintenance average serum level of noribogaine is 30% of the therapeutic average serum level of noribogaine. In some embodiments, the maintenance average serum level of noribogaine is 20% of the therapeutic average serum level of noribogaine. In some embodiments, the maintenance average serum level of noribogaine is 10% of the therapeutic average serum level of noribogaine.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic dose is tapered over time until the desired maintenance dose is reached. For example, in some embodiments, the first tapered dose is 50% to 95% of the therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the second tapered dose is 40% to 90% of the therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the third tapered dose is 30% to 85% of the therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the fourth tapered dose is 20% to 80% of the therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, the fifth tapered dose is 10% to 75% of the therapeutic dose. In some embodiments, one tapered dose is given to achieve the maintenance dose. In some embodiments, two tapered doses are given to achieve the maintenance dose. In some embodiments, three tapered doses are given to achieve the maintenance dose. In some embodiments, four or more tapered doses are given to achieve the maintenance dose. Determination of the tapered doses, number of tapered doses, and the like can be readily made a qualified clinician.

In one embodiment, the QT interval is not prolonged more than 30 ms. In a preferred embodiment, the QT interval is not prolonged more than 20 ms.

In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 10 mg and 100 mg. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 20 mg and 100 mg. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 30 mg and 100 mg. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 40 mg and 100 mg. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 50 mg and 100 mg. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 60 mg and 100 mg. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 60 mg and 90 mg. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 60 mg and 80 mg. In one embodiment, the dosage or aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof is between 60 mg and 70 mg.

In some embodiments, the patient is administered periodically, such as once, twice, three time, four times or five time daily with noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the administration is once daily, or once every second day, once every third day, three times a week, twice a week, or once a week. The dosage and frequency of the administration depends on the route of administration, content of composition, age and body weight of the patient, condition of the patient, without limitation. Determination of dosage and frequency suitable for the present technology can be readily made a qualified clinician.

Noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, suitable for administration in accordance with the methods provide herein, can be suitable for a variety of delivery modes including, without limitation, oral and transdermal delivery. Compositions suitable for internal, pulmonary, rectal, nasal, vaginal, lingual, intravenous, intra-arterial, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracutaneous and subcutaneous routes may also be used. Possible dosage forms include tablets, capsules, pills, powders, aerosols, suppositories, parenterals, and oral liquids, including suspensions, solutions and emulsions. Sustained release dosage forms may also be used. All dosage forms may be prepared using methods that are standard in the art (see e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th ed., A. Oslo editor, Easton Pa. 1980).

In a preferred embodiment, noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered orally, which may conveniently be provided in tablet, caplet, sublingual, liquid or capsule form. In certain embodiments, the noribogaine is provided as noribogaine HCl, with dosages reported as the amount of free base noribogaine. In some embodiments, the noribogaine HCl is provided in hard gelatin capsules containing only noribogaine HCl with no excipients.

The patient may suffer from addiction to any opioid or opiate, or opioid-like drug. In a preferred embodiment, the opioid or opioid-like drug is selected from the group consisting of heroin, cocaine, opiate, methadone, morphine, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and methamphetamine. In one embodiment, the opioid or opioid-like drug is heroin. In one embodiment, the opioid or opioid-like drug is methadone. In one embodiment, the opioid or opioid-like drug is morphine

Patient Pre-Screening and Monitoring

Pre-screening of patients before treatment with noribogaine and/or monitoring of patients during noribogaine treatment may be required to ensure that QT interval is not prolonged beyond a certain value. For example, QT interval greater than 500 ms can be considered dangerous for individual patients. Pre-screening and/or monitoring may be necessary at high levels of noribogaine treatment.

In a preferred embodiment, a patient receiving a therapeutic dose of noribogaine is monitored in a clinical setting. Monitoring may be necessary to ensure the QT interval is not prolonged to an unacceptable degree. A “clinical setting” refers to an inpatient setting (e.g., inpatient clinic, hospital, rehabilitation facility) or an outpatient setting with frequent, regular monitoring (e.g., outpatient clinic that is visited daily to receive dose and monitoring). Monitoring includes monitoring of QT interval. Methods for monitoring of QT interval are well-known in the art, for example by ECG.

In one embodiment, a patient receiving a maintenance dose of noribogaine is not monitored in a clinical setting. In one embodiment, a patient receiving a maintenance dose of noribogaine is monitored periodically, for example daily, weekly, monthly, or occasionally.

In one aspect, this invention relates to a method for treating opioid or opioid-like drug abuse and/or symptoms of withdrawal in an addicted patient, comprising selecting an opioid- or opioid-like drug-addicted patient who is prescreened to evaluate the patient's expected tolerance for prolongation of QT interval, administering to the patient a dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof that provides an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL (AUC/24 h), said concentration being sufficient to inhibit or ameliorate said abuse or symptoms while maintaining a QT interval of less than 500 ms during said treatment. In some embodiments, the concentration is sufficient to attenuate said abuse or symptoms while maintaining a QT interval of less than about 470 ms during treatment. Preferably, the concentration is sufficient to attenuate said abuse or symptoms while maintaining a QT interval of less than about 450 ms during treatment. In one embodiment, the concentration is sufficient to attenuate said abuse or symptoms while maintaining a QT interval of less than about 420 ms during treatment.

In one embodiment, prescreening of the patient comprises ascertaining that noribogaine treatment will not result in a maximum QT interval over about 500 ms. In one embodiment, prescreening of the patient comprises ascertaining that noribogaine treatment will not result in a maximum QT interval over about 470 ms. In one embodiment, prescreening comprises ascertaining that noribogaine treatment will not result in a maximum QT interval over about 450 ms. In one embodiment, prescreening comprises ascertaining that noribogaine treatment will not result in a maximum QT interval over about 420 ms. In one embodiment, prescreening comprises determining the patient's pre-treatment QT interval.

As it relates to pre-screening or pre-selection of patients, patients may be selected based on any criteria as determined by the skilled clinician. Such criteria may include, by way of non-limiting example, pre-treatment QT interval, pre-existing cardiac conditions, risk of cardiac conditions, age, sex, general health, and the like. The following are examples of selection criteria for disallowing noribogaine treatment or restricting dose of noribogaine administered to the patient: high QT interval before treatment (e.g., such that there is a risk of the patient's QT interval exceeding 500 ms during treatment); congenital long QT syndrome; bradycardia; hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia; recent acute myocardial infarction; uncompensated heart failure; and taking other drugs that increase QT interval. In some embodiments, the methods can include selecting and/or administering/providing noribogaine to a patient that lacks one more of such criteria.

In one embodiment, this invention relates to pre-screening a patient to determine if the patient is at risk for prolongation of the QT interval beyond a safe level. In one embodiment, a patient at risk for prolongation of the QT interval beyond a safe level is not administered noribogaine. In one embodiment, a patient at risk for prolongation of the QT interval beyond a safe level is administered noribogaine at a limited dosage.

In one embodiment, this invention relates to monitoring a patient who is administered a therapeutic dose of noribogaine. In one embodiment, the dose of noribogaine is reduced if the patient has serious adverse side effects. In one embodiment, the noribogaine treatment is discontinued if the patient has serious adverse side effects. In one embodiment, the adverse side effect is a QT interval that is prolonged beyond a safe level. The determination of a safe level of prolongation is within the skill of a qualified clinician.

Kit of Parts

One aspect of this invention is directed to a kit of parts for the treatment of opioid or opioid-like drug abuse and/or symptoms of withdrawal in an addicted patient, wherein the kit comprises a composition comprising noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof and a means for administering the composition to a patient in need thereof. The means for administration to a patient can include, for example, any one or combination of noribogaine, or a noribogaine derivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, a transdermal patch, a syringe, a needle, an IV bag comprising the composition, a vial comprising the composition, an inhaler comprising the composition, etc. In one embodiment, the kit of parts further comprises instructions for dosing and/or administration of the composition.

In some aspects, the invention is directed to a kit of parts for administration of noribogaine, the kit comprising multiple delivery vehicles, wherein each delivery vehicle contains a discrete amount of noribogaine and further wherein each delivery vehicle is identified by the amount of noribogaine provided therein; and optionally further comprising a dosing treatment schedule in a readable medium. In some embodiments, the dosing treatment schedule includes the amount of noribogaine required to achieve each average serum level is provided. In some embodiments, the kit of parts includes a dosing treatment schedule that provides an attending clinician the ability to select a dosing regimen of noribogaine based on the sex of the patient, mass of the patient, and the serum level that the clinician desires to achieve. In some embodiments, the dosing treatment schedule further provides information corresponding to the volume of blood in a patient based upon weight (or mass) and sex of the patient. In an embodiment, the storage medium can include an accompanying pamphlet or similar written information that accompanies the unit dose form in the kit. In an embodiment, the storage medium can include electronic, optical, or other data storage, such as a non-volatile memory, for example, to store a digitally-encoded machine-readable representation of such information.

The term “delivery vehicle” as used herein refers to any formulation that can be used for administration of noribogaine to a patient. Non-limiting, exemplary delivery vehicles include caplets, pills, capsules, tablets, powder, liquid, or any other form by which the drug can be administered. Delivery vehicles may be intended for administration by oral, inhaled, injected, or any other means.

The term “readable medium” as used herein refers to a representation of data that can be read, for example, by a human or by a machine. Non-limiting examples of human-readable formats include pamphlets, inserts, or other written forms. Non-limiting examples of machine-readable formats include any mechanism that provides (i.e., stores and/or transmits) information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer, tablet, and/or smartphone). For example, a machine-readable medium includes read-only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; and flash memory devices. In one embodiment, the machine-readable medium is a CD-ROM. In one embodiment, the machine-readable medium is a USB drive. In one embodiment, the machine-readable medium is a Quick Response Code (QR Code) or other matrix barcode.

In some aspects, the machine-readable medium comprises software that contains information regarding dosing schedules for the unit dose form of noribogaine and optionally other drug information. In some embodiments, the software may be interactive, such that the attending clinician or other medical professional can enter patient information. In a non-limiting example, the medical professional may enter the weight and sex of the patient to be treated, and the software program provides a recommended dosing regimen based on the information entered. The amount and timing of noribogaine recommended to be delivered will be within the dosages that result in the serum concentrations as provided herein.

In some embodiments, the kit of parts comprises multiple delivery vehicles in a variety of dosing options. For example, the kit of parts may comprise pills or tablets in multiple dosages, such as 120 mg, 90 mg, 60 mg, 30 mg, 20 mg, 10 mg, and/or 5 mg of noribogaine per pill. Each pill is labeled such that the medical professional and/or patient can easily distinguish different dosages. Labeling may be based on printing or embossing on the pill, shape of the pill, color of pill, the location of the pill in a separate, labeled compartment within the kit, and/or any other distinguishing features of the pill. In some embodiments, all of the delivery vehicles within a kit are intended for one patient. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicles within a kit are intended for multiple patients.

One aspect of this invention is directed to a kit of parts for the treatment of opioid, or opioid-like drug, abuse and/or symptoms of withdrawal in an addicted patient, wherein the kit comprises a unit dose form of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or salt or solvate thereof. The unit dose form provides a patient with an average serum level of noribogaine of from 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL or 60 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the unit dose form comprises one or multiple dosages to be administered periodically, such as once, twice, three time, four times or five time daily with noribogaine or its prodrug. In some embodiments, the administration is once daily, or once every second day, once every third day, three times a week, twice a week, or once a week. The dosage and frequency of the administration depends on criteria including the route of administration, content of composition, age and body weight of the patient, condition of the patient, sex of the patient, without limitation, as well as by the severity of the addiction. Determination of the unit dose form providing a dosage and frequency suitable for a given patient can readily be made by a qualified clinician.

These dose ranges may be achieved by transdermal, oral, or parenteral administration of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof in unit dose form. Such unit dose form may conveniently be provided in transdermal patch, tablet, caplet, liquid or capsule form. In certain embodiments, the noribogaine is provided as noribogaine HCl, with dosages reported as the amount of free base noribogaine. In some embodiments, the noribogaine HCl is provided in hard gelatin capsules containing only noribogaine HCl with no excipients. In some embodiments, noribogaine is provided in saline for intravenous administration.

Formulations

This invention further relates to pharmaceutically acceptable formulations comprising a unit dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the amount of noribogaine is sufficient to provide an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL (AUC/24 h) when administered to a patient. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of noribogaine is sufficient to provide an average serum concentration of 80 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL (AUC/24 h) when administered to a patient.

In some embodiments, the unit dose of noribogaine is administered in one or more dosings.

In one embodiment, the amount of noribogaine is sufficient to provide an average serum concentration of noribogaine from 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL, or 60 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL. In one embodiment, the amount of noribogaine is sufficient to provide an average serum concentration of noribogaine from 50 ng/mL to 150 ng/mL, or 60 ng/mL to 150 ng/mL. In one embodiment, the amount of noribogaine is sufficient to provide an average serum concentration of noribogaine from 50 ng/mL to 120 ng/mL, or 60 ng/mL to 120 ng/mL. In one embodiment, the amount of noribogaine is sufficient to provide an average serum concentration of noribogaine from 50 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL, or 60 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL. In one embodiment, the amount of noribogaine is sufficient to provide an average serum concentration of noribogaine from 80 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL. The ranges include both extremes as well as any subranges between.

In some embodiments, the unit dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is from 20 mg to 120 mg. In one embodiment, the unit dose is 20 mg. In one embodiment, the unit dose is 30 mg. In one embodiment, the unit dose is 40 mg. In one embodiment, the unit dose is 50 mg. In one embodiment, the unit dose is 60 mg. In one embodiment, the unit dose is 70 mg. In one embodiment, the unit dose is 80 mg. In one embodiment, the unit dose is 90 mg. In one embodiment, the unit dose is 100 mg. In one embodiment, the unit dose is 110 mg. In one embodiment, the unit dose is 120 mg.

In some embodiments, the formulation is designed for periodic administration, such as once, twice, three time, four times or five time daily with noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the administration is once daily, or once every second day, once every third day, three times a week, twice a week, or once a week. The dosage and frequency of the administration depends on the route of administration, content of composition, age and body weight of the patient, condition of the patient, without limitation. Determination of dosage and frequency suitable for the present technology can be readily made a qualified clinician.

In some embodiments, the formulation designed for administration in accordance with the methods provide herein can be suitable for a variety of delivery modes including, without limitation, oral and transdermal delivery. Formulations suitable for internal, pulmonary, rectal, nasal, vaginal, lingual, intravenous, intra-arterial, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracutaneous and subcutaneous routes may also be used. Possible formulations include tablets, capsules, pills, powders, aerosols, suppositories, parenterals, and oral liquids, including suspensions, solutions and emulsions. Sustained release dosage forms may also be used. All formulations may be prepared using methods that are standard in the art (see e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th ed., A. Oslo editor, Easton Pa. 1980).

In a preferred embodiment, the formulation is designed for oral administration, which may conveniently be provided in tablet, caplet, sublingual, liquid or capsule form. In certain embodiments, the noribogaine is provided as noribogaine HCl, with dosages reported as the amount of free base noribogaine. In some embodiments, the noribogaine HCl is provided in hard gelatin capsules containing only noribogaine HCl with no excipients.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples are intended to further illustrate certain embodiments of the disclosure and are not intended to limit its scope.

Example 1 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Noribogaine in Humans

Thirty-six healthy, drug-free male volunteers, aged between 18-55 years, were enrolled in and completed the study. This was an ascending single-dose, placebo-controlled, randomized double blind, parallel group study. Mean (SD) age was 22.0 (3.3) years, mean (SD) height was 1.82 (0.08) m, and mean (SD) weight was 78.0 (9.2) kg. Twenty-six subjects were Caucasian, 3 were Asian, 1 Maori, 1 Pacific Islander, and 5 Other. The protocol for this study was approved by the Lower South Regional Ethics Committee (LRS/12/06/015), and the study was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12612000821897). All subjects provided signed informed consent prior to enrolment, and were assessed as suitable to participate based on review of medical history, physical examination, safety laboratory tests, vital signs and ECG.

Within each dose level, 6 participants were randomized to receive noribogaine and 3 to receive placebo, based on a computer-generated random code. Dosing began with the lowest noribogaine dose, and subsequent cohorts received the next highest dose after the safety, tolerability, and blinded pharmacokinetics of the completed cohort were reviewed and dose-escalation approved by an independent Data Safety Monitoring Board. Blinded study drug was administered as a capsule with 240 ml of water after an overnight fast of at least 10 hours. Participants did not receive any food until at least 5 hours post-dose. Participants were confined to the study site from 12 hours prior to drug administration, until 72 hours post-dose, and there were subsequent outpatient assessments until 216 hours post-dose.

Blood was obtained for pharmacokinetic assessments pre-dose and then at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 120, 168 and 216 hours post-dose. Samples were centrifuged and plasma stored at −70° C. until analyzed. Block 24 hour urine collections were obtained following study drug administration for the 30 and 60 mg cohorts. Aliquots were frozen at −20° C. until analyzed.

Pulse oximetry and capnography data were collected continuously using a GE Carescape B650 monitoring system from 2 hours prior to dosing and until six hours after dosing, and thereafter at 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-dosing. Additional oximetry data were collected at 120, 168 and 216 hours. Pupillary miosis was assessed by pupillometry. Dark-adapted pupil diameter was measured in triplicate using a Neuroptics PLR-200 pupillometer under standardized light intensity (<5 lux) pre-dose, and at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 168 and 216 hours post-dosing.

Plasma noribogaine concentrations were determined in the 3 mg and 10 mg dose groups using a validated, sensitive LCMSMS method. Sample preparation involved double extraction of basified plasma samples with tert-butyl methyl ether, drying the samples under a stream of nitrogen and reconstitution of sample with acetonitrile:B.P. water (5:95, v/v) containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid. The compounds were separated by a 150×2.0 mm Luna 5 μm C18 column and detected with a triple-quadrupole API 4000 or 5000 mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization in positive mode and multiple reaction monitoring. Noribogaine-d₄ was used as the internal standard. The precursor-product ion transition values for noribogaine were m/z 297.6->122.3, and for the internal standard noribogaine-d₄ m/z 301.1->122.2. Analyst® software was used for data acquisition and processing. The ratio of the peak area of noribogaine to the internal standard noribogaine-d₄ was used for calibration and measurement of the unknown concentration of noribogaine. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.025 ng/ml noribogaine. The calibration curve was between 0.025 and 25.600 ng/ml noribogaine. Mobile phase A was acetonitrile:B.P. water (5:95, v/v) containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid, and mobile phase B was acetonitrile:B.P. water (95:5, v/v) containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid. Total run time was 6 minutes. Binary flow: Initial concentration was 8% mobile phase B; hold at 8% mobile phase B for 0.5 minutes and linear rise to 90% mobile phase B over 1.5 minutes; hold at 90% mobile phase B for 1 minute and then drop back to 8% mobile phase B over 0.01 minute. Equilibrate system for 3 minutes. Total run time was 6 minutes. Within- and between-day assay precision was <9%, and within- and between-day assay accuracy was <9%.

Plasma noribogaine concentrations were determined in the 30 mg and 60 mg dose groups using a validated, sensitive LCMSMS method. Sample preparation involved deproteinization of plasma samples with acetonitrile and dilution of sample with 0.1% (v/v) formic acid. The compounds were separated by a 150×2 0 mm Luna 5 μm C18 column and detected with a triple-quadrupole API 4000 or 5000 mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization in positive mode and multiple reaction monitoring. Noribogaine-d₄ was used as the internal standard. The precursor-product ion transition values for noribogaine were m/z 297.6->122.3, and for the internal standard noribogaine-d₄ m/z 301.1->122.2. Analyst® software was used for data acquisition and processing. The ratio of the peak area of noribogaine to the internal standard noribogaine-d₄ was used for calibration and measurement of the unknown concentration of noribogaine. The LLOQ was 0.50 ng/ml noribogaine. The calibration curve was between 0.50 and 256.00 ng/ml noribogaine. Mobile phase was the same as method A, and binary flow was also the same as method A. The within- and between-day assay precision was <9%, and the within- and between-day assay accuracy was <9%.

Plasma noribogaine glucuronide concentrations were determined in the 30 mg and 60 mg dose groups using a validated sensitive LCMSMS method. Sample preparation involved deproteinization of plasma samples with acetonitrile, drying the samples under a stream of nitrogen and reconstitution of sample with acetonitrile:B.P. water (5:95, v/v) containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid. The compounds were separated by a 150×2 0 mm Luna 5 μm C18 column and detected with a triple-quadrupole API 4000 or 5000 mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization in positive mode and multiple reaction monitoring. Noribogaine-d₄ was used as the internal standard. The precursor-product ion transition values for noribogaine glucuronide were m/z 472.8->297.3, and for the internal standard noribogaine-d₄ m/z 301.1->122.2. Analyst® software was used for data acquisition and processing. The ratio of the peak area of noribogaine glucuronide to the internal standard noribogaine-d₄ was used for calibration and measurement of the unknown concentration of noribogaine glucuronide. The LLOQ was 0.050 ng/ml noribogaine glucuronide. The calibration curve was between 0.050 and 6.400 ng/ml noribogaine glucuronide. Mobile phases was the same as method A. Binary flow: Initial concentration was 6% mobile phase B; hold at 6% mobile phase B for 0.5 minutes and linear rise to 90% mobile phase B over 2 minutes; hold at 90% mobile phase B for 1 minute and then drop back to 6% mobile phase B over 0.01 minute. Equilibrate system for 3.5 minutes. Total run time was 7 minutes. The within- and between-day assay precision was <11%, and the within- and between-day assay accuracy was <10%.

Urine noribogaine and noribogaine glucuronide concentrations were determined in the 30 mg and 60 mg dose groups using a validated sensitive LCMSMS method. Sample preparation involved deproteinization of urine samples with acetonitrile and dilution of the sample with 0.1% (v/v) formic acid. The compounds were separated by a 150×2 0 mm Luna 5 μm C18 column and detected with a triple-quadrupole API 5000 mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization in positive mode and multiple reaction monitoring. Noribogaine-d₄ was used as the internal standard. The precursor-product ion transition values for noribogaine were m/z 297.6->122.3, noribogaine glucuronide m/z 472.8->297.3, and for the internal standard noribogaine-d₄ m/z 301.1->122.2. Analyst® software was used for data acquisition and processing. The ratios of the peak area of noribogaine and noribogaine glucuronide to the internal standard noribogaine-d₄ were used for calibration and measurement of the unknown concentration of noribogaine and its glucuronide. Assay LLOQ was 20.0 ng/ml for noribogaine and 2.0 ng/ml for noribogaine glucuronide. The calibration curve was between 20.0 and 5120.0 ng/ml noribogaine, and 2.0 and 512.0 ng/ml noribogaine glucuronide. Mobile phases were as described in method A, and binary flow as in method C. The within- and between-day assay precision was <13%, and within- and between-day assay accuracy was <12%.

Noribogaine and noribogaine glucuronide concentrations above the limit of quantification were used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters using model-independent methods. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) were the observed values. Plasma concentration data in the post-distribution phase of the plasma concentration-time plot were fitted using linear regression to the formula ln C=ln Co−t·Kel, where Co was the zero-time intercept of the extrapolated terminal phase and Kel was the terminal elimination rate constant. The half-life (t_(1/2)) was determined using the formula t_(1/2)=0.693/Kel. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to the last determined concentration-time point (tf) in the post distribution phase was calculated using the trapezoidal rule. The area under the curve from the last concentration-time point in the post distribution phase (Ctf) to time infinity was calculated from AUC_(t-∞)=Ctf/Kel. The concentration used for Ctf was the last determined value above the LLOQ at the time point. The total AUC_(0-∞), was obtained by adding AUC_(tf) and AUC_(t-∞). Noribogaine apparent clearance (CL/F) was determined using the formula CL/F=Dose/AUC_(0-∞)×1000, and apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) was determined using the formula Vd/F=(CL/F)/Kel. Total urine noribogaine was the sum of both analytes.

Summary statistics (means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation) were determined for each dose group for safety laboratory test data, ECG and pharmacokinetic parameters, and pharmacodynamic variables. Categorical variables were analysed using counts and percentages. Dose-proportionality of AUC and Cmax was assessed using linear regression. The effect of dose on pharmacodynamic parameter values over time was assessed using two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). Pairwise comparisons (with Tukey-Kramer adjustment) between each dose group to the placebo were conducted at each time point using the least squares estimates obtained from the ANOVA, using SAS Proc Mixed (SAS ver 6.0).

Results

Pharmacokinetics: Mean plasma concentration-time plots of noribogaine are shown in FIG. 1, and mean pharmacokinetic parameters are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 3 mg (n = 6) 10 mg (n = 6) 30 mg (n = 6) 60 mg (n = 6) (mean (SD)) (mean (SD)) (mean (SD)) (mean (SD) Noribogaine AUC_(0-∞) 74.2 (13.1) 254.5 (78.9) 700.4 (223.3) 1962.2 (726.5) (ng · hr/ml) AUC₀₋₂₁₆ 72.2 (13.2) 251.4 (78.5) 677.6 (221.1) 1935.4 (725.4) (ng · hr/ml) Cmax (ng/ml) 5.2 (1.4) 14.5 (2.1) 55.9 (14.8) 116.0 (22.5) Tmax (hr) 1.9 (0.6) 2.9 (1.8) 1.8 (0.6) 2.4 (0.6) t_(1/2) (hr) 40.9 (8.7) 49.2 (11.5) 27.6 (7.0)) 29.1 (9.3) Vd/F (L) 2485.1 (801.5) 3085.8 (1197.0) 1850.8 (707.9) 1416.8 (670.1) CL/F (L/h) 41.4 (7.0) 42.3 (12.0) 46.9 (16.4) 34.0 (11.4) Noribogaine glucorinide AUC_(0-∞) — — 25.8 (9.3) 67.1 (21.9) (ng · hr/ml) AUC₀₋₂₁₆ — — 25.7 (9.1) 65.0 (21.5) (ng · hr/ml) Cmax (ng/ml) — — 1.8 (0.6) 4.1 (1.2) Tmax (hr) — — 3.0 (0.6) 3.8 (1.2) t_(1/2) (hr) — — 20.6 (4.9) 23.1 (3.0)

Noribogaine was rapidly absorbed, with peak concentrations occurring 2-3 hours after oral dosing. Fluctuations in individual distribution-phase concentration-time profiles may suggest the possibility of enterohepatic recirculation (see highlighted individual 4-8 hour profiles in FIG. 1, insert). Both Cmax and AUC increased linearly with dose (Table 1, upper panel). Mean half-life estimates of 28-50 hours were observed across dose groups for noribogaine. Volume of distribution was extensive (1417-3086 L across dose groups).

Mean plasma noribogaine glucuronide concentration-time plots for the 30 mg and 60 mg dose group are shown in FIG. 2, and mean pharmacokinetic parameters are shown in Table 1, lower panel. Noribogaine glucuronide was detected in all subjects by 0.75 hours, with peak concentrations occurring 3-4 hours after noribogaine dosing. Mean half-life of 21-23 hours was estimated for plasma noribogaine glucuronide. The proportion of noribogaine glucuronide Cmax and AUC relative to noribogaine was 3-4% for both dose groups. Total urine noribogaine elimination was 1.16 mg and 0.82 mg for the 30 mg and 60 mg dose groups respectively, representing 3.9% and 1.4% of the doses administered.

Pharmacodynamics: There was no evidence of pupillary constriction in subjects dosed with noribogaine. No between-dose group differences in pupil diameter were detected over time. After adjusting for baseline differences, comparison of each dose group with placebo by ANOVA showed no statistically significant differences (p>0.9).

Noribogaine treatment showed no analgesic effect in the cold pressor test. Analgesic effect was assessed based on duration of hand immersion in ice water and on visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores upon hand removal from the water bath. For duration of hand immersion, after adjusting for baseline differences, comparison of each dose group with placebo by ANOVA showed no statistically significant differences (p>0.9). Similarly, for VAS pain scores, after adjusting for baseline differences, comparison of each dose group with placebo by ANOVA showed no statistically significant differences (p=0.17).

Example 2 Safety and Tolerability of Noribogaine in Humans

Safety and tolerability of noribogaine were tested in the group of volunteers from Example 1. Cold pressor testing was conducted in 1° C. water according to the method of Mitchell et al. (J Pain 5:233-237, 2004) pre-dose, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 216 hours post-dosing. Safety evaluations included clinical monitoring, recording of adverse events (AEs), safety laboratory tests, vital signs, ECG telemetry from −2 h to 6 h after dosing, and 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) up to 216 hours post-dosing.

Results

A total of thirteen adverse events were reported by seven participants (Table 2). Six adverse events were reported by three participants in the placebo group, five adverse events were reported by two subjects in the 3 mg dose group, and one adverse event was reported by single subjects in the 10 mg and 30 mg dose groups, respectively. The most common adverse events were headache (four reports) and epistaxis (two reports). All adverse events were of mild-moderate intensity, and all resolved prior to study completion. There were no changes in vital signs or safety laboratory tests of note. In particular, there were no changes in oximetry or capnography, or changes in respiratory rate. There were no QTcF values >500 msec at any time. One subject dosed with 10 mg noribogaine had a single increase in QTcF of >60 msec at 24 hours post-dosing.

TABLE 2 Dose (mg) Mild Moderate Severe Placebo Blepharitis Epistaxis — Bruising Dry Skin Eye pain, nonspecific Infection at cannula site  3 Back pain Headache — Dizziness Epistaxis Headache 10 Headache — — 30 Headache — — 60 — — —

Example 3 Efficacy of Noribogaine in Humans

The efficacy of noribogaine in humans was evaluated in opioid-dependent participants in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Patients had been receiving methadone treatment as the opioid substitution therapy, but were transferred to morphine treatment prior to noribogaine administration. This was done to avoid negative noribogaine-methadone interactions that are not observed between noribogaine and methadone. See U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/852,485, filed Mar. 15, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In the first cohort, six patients were orally administered a single dose of 60 mg noribogaine, and three patients received placebo. In the second cohort, five patients were orally administered a single dose of 120 mg noribogaine, and three patients received placebo. Treatment was administered 2 hours after last morphine dose and the time to resumption of morphine (opioid substitution treatment, OST) was determined No adverse effects of noribogaine were observed in any of the participants, including no hallucinatory effects.

FIG. 3 indicates the serum noribogaine concentration over time. Serum concentrations for 180 mg dose (triangles) are estimated based on data from the 120 mg dose (squares).

Blinded Results

Patients in the first cohort exhibited an average time to resumption of opioids after treatment with 60 mg noribogaine or placebo of approximately 8.7 hours, which is almost 2 hours longer than that reported for untreated patients in a similar study. Patients in the second cohort exhibited an average time to resumption of opioids after treatment with 120 mg noribogaine or placebo of approximately 22 hours. FIG. 4A indicates the average time to resumption of morphine for control (untreated, light gray bar), first cohort (dark gray bar) and second cohort (black bar). Mean prolongation of the QT interval was less than 10 ms for patients in the first cohort and was less than 40 ms in the second cohort.

FIG. 4B indicates the estimated noribogaine concentration (based on the data from FIG. 3) at the time of resumption of morphine for each patient.

Although the study was blinded, the three patients in the second cohort who received placebo were construed to be those patients exhibiting no prolongation of the QT interval. The average time to resumption of OST for the remaining five patients was determined to be approximately 26.8 hours, as indicated in FIG. 5A (black bar). FIG. 5B indicates the estimated noribogaine concentration (based on the data from FIG. 3) at the time of resumption of morphine for each (presumed) noribogaine-treated patient. FIG. 5B demonstrates that, as serum concentrations of noribogaine reach an estimated level of 50 to 60 ng/mL, significant withdrawal symptoms return such that the patient is forced to resume OST. At serum noribogaine levels above about 50 to 60 ng/mL, the patients did not exhibit withdrawal symptoms or those symptoms had not become acute.

A third cohort of patients was administered 180 mg of noribogaine or placebo. Although the study was blinded, the 3 patients in the third cohort who received placebo were construed to be those patients exhibiting no prolongation of the QT interval. The average time to resumption of OST for the remaining 6 patients was determined to be approximately 11.4 hours, as shown in FIG. 6. This demonstrates that increasing the dose of noribogaine to 180 mg results in a shorter time to resumption of OST than observed in patients receiving 120 mg noribogaine (24.5 hours). Time to resumption of OST after treatment with 180 mg was still longer than untreated patients or those (putatively) administered 60 mg noribogaine (7 hours and 9.6 hours, respectively). It was similar to the time to resumption of OST observed in patients (putatively) administered placebo (dotted line, 11.8 hours).

Data shows therapeutic activity at all concentrations, albeit in an inverted-U curve. While not reported, QT interval is believed to increase in linear manner as dose is increased from 60 mg to 180 mg. At 180 mg, the change in the QT interval prolongation appears to be above 30 ms. Based on above data, it is believed that the therapeutic window for a single bolus dose of noribogaine is bound at the lower end by 50 mg and at the upper end by less than 180 mg. In particular, the therapeutic range in vivo appears to be between 50 ng/mL and 180 ng/mL. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for treating opioid or opioid-like drug abuse in a human patient addicted thereto, comprising administering to the patient a dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof that provides an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL (AUC/24 h), said concentration being sufficient to inhibit or ameliorate said abuse while maintaining a QT interval of less than about 500 ms during said treatment.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered as a single dose or multiple doses.
 3. The method of claim 2, comprising: a) administering an initial dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the initial dose provides an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL; and b) administering at least one additional dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, such that the at least one additional dose maintains the average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL for a period of time.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the initial dose is from 75 mg to 120 mg.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the at least one additional dose is from 5 mg to 25 mg.
 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the at least one additional dose is administered from 6 hours to 24 hours after the initial dose.
 7. The method of claim 3, wherein at least two additional doses are administered, and further wherein the additional doses are administered from 6 hours to 24 hours after the previous dose.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising selecting an addicted patient who is prescreened to evaluate tolerance for prolongation of QT interval.
 9. A method for treating opioid or opioid-like drug abuse in a human patient addicted thereto, comprising administering to the patient a dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof that provides an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL (AUC/24 h), said concentration being sufficient to inhibit or ameliorate said abuse while maintaining a QT interval prolongation of less than about 20 ms during said treatment.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered as a single dose or multiple doses.
 11. The method of claim 10, comprising: a) administering an initial dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the initial dose provides an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL; and b) administering at least one additional dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, such that the at least one additional dose maintains the average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL for a period of time.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the initial dose is from 75 mg to 120 mg.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one additional dose is from 5 mg to 25 mg.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one additional dose is administered from 6 hours to 24 hours after the initial dose.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein at least two additional doses are administered, and further wherein the additional doses are administered from 6 hours to 24 hours after the previous dose.
 16. A method for attenuating withdrawal symptoms in a human patient susceptible to such symptoms due to opioid or opioid-like drug addiction, comprising administering to the patient a dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof that provides an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL (AUC/24 h), said concentration being sufficient to attenuate said symptoms while maintaining a QT interval of less than about 500 ms during said treatment.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the withdrawal symptoms are due to acute withdrawal.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered as a single dose or multiple doses.
 19. The method of claim 16, comprising: a) administering an initial dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the initial dose provides an average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL; and b) administering at least one additional dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, such that the at least one additional dose maintains the average serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL for a period of time.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the initial dose is from 75 mg to 120 mg.
 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one additional dose is from 5 mg to 25 mg.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one additional dose is administered from 6 hours to 24 hours after the initial dose.
 23. The method of claim 19, wherein at least two additional doses are administered, and further wherein the additional doses are administered from 6 hours to 24 hours after the previous dose.
 24. A method to prevent relapse of opioid or opioid-like drug abuse in a patient treated to ameliorate said abuse, said method comprising periodically administering to said patient a maintenance dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the patient is no longer abusing the opioid or opioid-like drug, wherein the dosage is less than about 70% of the therapeutic dose, and further wherein the prolongation of the QT interval is no greater than about 30 ms.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the aggregate dosage of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is from 5 mg to 100 mg per day.
 26. A pharmaceutically acceptable formulation comprising a unit dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the amount of noribogaine is sufficient to provide a serum concentration of 50 ng/mL to 180 ng/mL (AUC/24 h) when administered to a patient.
 27. The formulation of claim 26, wherein the unit dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is administered in one or more dosings.
 28. The formulation of claim 26, wherein the unit dose of noribogaine, noribogaine derivative, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof is from 20 mg to 120 mg. 